Agriculture

Scenarios Used in the Report

Scenarios for Climate Variability and Change -- Agriculture

Darwin, R. F. World Agriculture and Climate Change: Current Questions. World Resource Review, 9, 17-31. 1997.

Vegetation and Biogeochemical Scenarios -- Agriculture

McLeod, S. and S. W. Running. Comparing Site Quality Indices and Productivity of Ponderosa Pine Stands in Western Montana. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research, 18, 346-352. 1988.

Metherall, A. K. Simulation of Soil Organic Matter Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado. 1992.

Hunt, E. R., Jr. and S. W. Running. Simulated Dry Matter Yields for Aspen and Spruce Stands in the North American Boreal Forest, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 18, 126-133. 1992.

Nemani, R. R. and S. W. Running. Testing a Theoretical Climate-Soil-Leaf Area Hydrologic Equilibrium of Forests Using Satellite Data and Ecosystem Simulation. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, 44, 245-260. 1989.

Parton, W. J., J. W. B. Stewart, and C. V. Cole. Dynamics of C, N, P, and S in Grassland Soils: A Model. Biogeochemistry, 5, 109-131. 1988.

Sanford, R. L., Jr., W. J. Parton, D. S. Ojima, and D. J. Lodge. Hurricane Effects on Soil Organic Matter Dynamics and Forest Production in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico: Results of Simulation Modeling. Biotropica, 23, 364-372. 1991.

Report's Regional Elements of the U.S.

Northeast Region -- Agriculture

Abler, D. G. and J. S. Shortle. Climate Change and Agriculture in the Mid-Atlantic Region, Climate Research, 14, 185-194, 2000.

Iverson, L. R. and A. M. Prasad. Predicting Abundance of 80 Tree Species Following Climate Change in the Eastern United States. Ecological Monographs, 68(4), 465-485. 1998.

Powell, D. S., J. L. Faulkner, D. R. Darr, Z. Zhu, and D. W. MacCleery. Forest Resources of the United States, 1992. USDA Forest Service, 133 pp. (General Tech Report, RM-243). 1996.

Report of the Forest Service. Fiscal Year 1998. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. 1998.

Southeast Region -- Agriculture

Abt, R. C., F. W. Cubbage, and G. Pacheco. Forest Resource Assessment Using the Subregional Timber Supply Model (SRTS). Forest Products Journal, 50(4), 25-33. 2000.

Acock, B., V. R. Reddy, H. F. Hodges, D. N. Baker, and J. M. McKinion. Photosynthetic Response of Soybean Canopies to Full-Season Carbon Enrichment. Agronomy Journal, 77, 942-47. 1985.

Allen, L. H., K. J. Boote, J. W. Jones, A. J. Rowland-Bamford, G. Bowes, D. A. Graetz, and K. R. Reddy. Temperature and CO₂ Effects on Rice: 1988. US Department of Agriculture, Carbon Dioxide Research Division, Washington, DC. 1989.

Boyer, W. D. Regeneration of Natural Longleaf Pine Forest. Journal of Forestry, 77, 572-575. 1979.

Census of Agriculture. National Agricultural Statistics Service, US Department of Agriculture, Montgomery, Alabama. 1999.

Census of Agriculture. National Agricultural Statistics Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 1994.

Census of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 1996.

Doyle, T. W. Modeling Global Change Effects on Coastal Forests. Vulnerability of Coastal Wetlands in the Southeastern United States: Climate Change Research Results, US Geological Survey, Biological Science Report USGS/BRD/BSR 1998-0002, Lafayette, Louisiana, pp. 67-80. 1998.

Eamus, D. and P. G. Jarvis, The Direct Effects of Increases in the Global Atmospheric CO₂ Concentration on Natural and Commercial Temperate Trees and Forests. Advances in Ecological Research, 19, 1-55. 1989.

Global Change and Forest Responses: Theoretical Basis, Projections, and Uncertainties. National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI), New York, Technical Bulletin No. 690, pp. 11-18. 1995.

Harcombe, P. A., R. B. W. Hall, J. S. Glitzenstein, E. S. Cook, P. Krusic, and M. Fulton. Sensitivity of Gulf Coast Forests to Climate Change. Vulnerability of Coastal Wetlands in the Southeastern United States: Climate Change Research Results, US Geological Survey, Biological Science Report, USGS/BRD/BSR 1998-0002, Lafayette, Louisiana, pp. 47-67, 1998.

Jones, J. W., S. S. Jagtap, and K. J. Boote. Climate Change: Implications of Soybean Yield and Management in the USA. Paper presented at the World Soybean Research Conference VI, Chicago, Illinois, August 7, 1999.

Legler, D. M., K. J. Bryant, and J. J. O'Brien. Impact of ENSO-Related Climate Anomalies on Crop Yields in the US. Climatic Change, 42(2), 351-375. 1999.

McNulty, S. G., J. M. Vose, W. T. Swank, J. D. Aber, and C. A. Federer. Landscape Scale Forest Modeling: Data Base Development, Model Predictions, and Validation Using a GIS. Climate Research, 4, 223-231. 1994.

The South's Fourth Forest: Alternatives for the Future. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington DC, Forest Resource Report No. 24, 512 pp. 1998.

Tsuji, G., G. Hoogenboom, and P. Thornton (Eds.). Understanding Options for Agricultural Production. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 399 pp. 1998.

Williams, K., K. C. Ewel, R. P. Stumpf, F. E. Putz, and T. W. Workman. Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Forest Retreat on the West Coast of Florida. Ecology, 80(6), 2045-2063. 1999.

Midwest Region -- Agriculture

Andresen, J. A., W. B. Sea, G. Alagarswamy, and H. H. Cheng. National Assessment, Upper Great Lakes Final Report, Agricultural Sector. US Global Change Research Program, 10 pp. 1999.

Coffin D. P. and W. K. Lauenroth. Transient Responses of North American Grasslands to Changes in Climate. Climatic Change, 34, 269-278. 1996.

Economic Databases Three Growth Projections 1967-2050. NPA Data Services, 1424 16th Street, NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036. 1999b.

Garrity, C. M. and J. A. Andresen. Climatological Constraints of a Double-Cropping System in the Upper Great Lakes Region: An Assessment of Risk and Potential. Paper presented at 1999 Annual Workshop of the US National Assessment: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change, Atlanta, Georgia, April 12-15. 1999.

Izaurralde, R. C., R. A. Brown, and N. J. Rosenberg. US Regional Agricultural Production in 2030 and 2095: Response to CO₂ Fertilization and Hadley Climate Model (HADCM2) Projections of Greenhouse-Forced Climatic Change. Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, Washington, Rep. No. PNNL-12252, 42 pp. 1999.

Rowntree. Quantifying Urban Forest Structure, Function, and Value: The Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. Urban Ecosystems, 1(1), 49-61. 1997.

Wargo, P. M., D. R. Houston, L. A. LaMadeleine. Oak Decline. Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 165, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 8 pp. 1983.

Wolfe, D. W. Potential Climate Change Impacts on New England Agriculture, Workshop Summary Report, New England Regional Climate Change Impacts Workshop, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire. 1997.

Great Plains Region -- Agriculture

Alward, R. D., J. K. Detling, and D. G. Milchunas, Grassland Vegetation Changes and Nocturnal Global Warming. Science, 283, 229-231. 1999.

Anderson, J. M. The Effects of Climate Change on Decomposition Processes in Grassland and Coniferous Forests. Ecological Applications, 1, 326-347. 1991.

Census of Agriculture. USDA. 1997.

(http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/)

Cole, C. V., J. W. B. Stewart, D. S. Ojima, W. J. Parton, and D. S. Schimel. Modeling Land Use Effects on Soil Organic Matter Dynamics in the North American Great Plains. Ecology of Arable Land -- Perspectives and Challenges, Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, edited by M. Clarholm and L. Bergstrom, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 39, pp. 89-98. 1989.

Cole, C. V., I. C. Burke, W. J. Parton, D. S. Schimel, D. S. Ojima, and J. W. B. Stewart. Analysis of Historical Changes in Soil Fertility and Organic Matter Levels of the North American Great Plains, Challenges in Dryland Agriculture, A Global Perspective, Proceedings of the International Conference on Dryland Farming, August 1988, edited by P. W. Unger, T. V. Sneed, W. R. Jordon, and R. Jensen, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, pp. 436-438. 1990.

Hahn, G. L. and T. L. Mader. Heat Waves in Relation to Thermoregulation, Feeding Behavior, and Mortality of Feedlot Cattle. Proceedings of 5th International Livestock Environment Symposium. Vol. I, pp. 563-571, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 1997.

Hahn, G. L. and J. A. Morgan. Potential Consequences of Climate Change on Ruminant Livestock Production. Paper presented at the Climate Change Impacts on Rangeland Systems Symposium, Society for Range Management annual meeting, Omaha, Nebraska, February 25-26, 1999. Sponsored by the Central Great Plains Assessment and the Department of Energy. 1999.

Hayden, B. P. Regional Climate and the Distribution of Tall Grass Prairie. Grassland Dynamics, edited by A. K. Knapp, J. M. Briggs, D. C. Hartnett, and S. L. Collins, Oxford University Press, Inc, New York, New York, US, p. 19-34. 1998.

Jenny, H. The Soil Resource, Origin and Behavior. Ecological Studies, vol. 37, Springer-Verlag, New York. 1980.

Muhs, D. R. and P. B. Maat. The Potential Response of Great Plains Eolian Sands to Greenhouse Warming and Precipitation Reduction on the Great Plains of the USA. Journal of Arid Environments, 25, 351-361. 1993.

Parton, W. J., D. S. Schimel, C. V. Cole, and D. S. Ojima. Analysis of Factors Controlling Soil Organic Matter Levels in Great Plains Grasslands. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 51, 1173-1179. 1987.

Parton, W. J., D. S. Schimel, D. S. Ojima, and C. V. Cole. A General Model for Soil Organic Matter Dynamics: Sensitivity to Litter Chemistry, Texture, and Management. Quantitative Modeling of Soil Forming Processes, edited by R. B. Bryant and R. W. Arnold, pp. 147-167, Soil Science Society of America Special Publication 39, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin. 1994.

Peterson, G. A. and C. V. Cole. Productivity of Great Plains Soils: Past, Present, and Future. Conservation of Great Plains Ecosystems. Edited by S. R. Johnson, and A. Bouzaher, pp. 325-342, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. 1995.

West Region -- Agriculture

Aber, J., R. Neilson, S. McNulty, J. Lenihan, D. Bachelet, and R. Drapek. Forest Processes and Global Environmental Change: Predicting the Effects of Individual and Multiple Stressors. BioScience, in press, 2000.

Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 1996-1997. Agricultural Handbook No. 712, US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. 1997.

Dale, V. H., et al., Forest Disturbances and Climate Change, BioScience, in press, 2000.

McClaren, M. and M. Patterson. Ranching in Climate Variability and Change in the Southwest. Final Report of the Southwest Regional Climate Change Symposium and Workshop, edited by R. Merideth, D. Liverman, R. Bales, and M. Patterson, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 1998.

Nemani, R. R., M. A. White, D. R. Cayan, G. V. Jones, S. W. Running, and J. C. Coughlan. Asymmetric Climate Warming Improves California Vintages. Climate Research.

US Geological Survey. 1999.

(http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/changes/anthropogenic/cropland/lu4592_lyt.gif)

Pacific Northwest Region -- Agriculture

Brubaker, L. B. Responses of Tree Populations to Climatic Change, Vegetation, 67, 119, 1986.

Dale, V. H. and J. F. Franklin. Potential Effects of Climate Change on Stand Development in the Pacific Northwest. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources, 19, 1581, 1989.

FEMAT (Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team). Forest Ecosystem Management: An Ecological, Economic, and Social Assessment. US Department of the Interior, US Department of Agriculture, US Department of Commerce, and US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 729 pp. 1993.

Franklin, J. F. Pacific Northwest Forests. North American Terrestrial Vegetation, edited by M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings, pp. 103-130, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 1988.

Franklin, J. F., et al. Effects of Global Climatic Change on Forests in Northwestern North America. Northwest Environmental Journal, 7, 233-254, 1991.

Graumlich, L. J. Subalpine Tree Growth, Climate, and Increasing CO₂: An Assessment of Recent Growth Trends. Ecology, 72, 1-11. 1991.

Grier, C. C. and S. Running. Leaf Area of Mature Northwestern Coniferous Forests: Relation to Site Water Balance. Ecology, 58, 893, 1977.

Haynes, R. W., D. M. Adams, and J. R. Mills. The 1993 RPA Timber Assessment Update. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, General Technical Report RM-GTR. March 1995.

Heyerdahl, E. K. Spatial and Temporal Variation in Historical Fire Regimes of the Blue Mountains, Oregon, and Washington: The Influence of Climate. Ph.D. dissertation, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 1997.

Keane, R. E. and S. F. Arno. Rapid Decline of Whitebark Pine in Western Montana: Evidence from 20-year Remeasurements. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 8(2), 44-47, 1993.

Kellogg, E. (Ed.). Coastal Temperate Rain Forests: Ecological Characteristics, Status, and Distribution Worldwide. Ecotrust Occasional Paper Series 1, Ecotrust and Conservation International, Portland, Oregon, and Washington, DC, 64 pp. 1992.

Kemp, W. P., D. O. Everson, and W. G. Wellington. Regional Climatic Patterns and Western Spruce Budworm Outbreaks. USDA Forest Service Cooperative State Research Service, Technical Bulletin Number 1693, USDA, Corvallis, Oregon, 1985.

Kendall, K. C. Whitebark Pine: Ecosystem in Peril. Our living resources: A report to the Nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of US plants, animals, and ecosystems, edited by E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, M. J. Mac, pp. 228-230, US National Biological Service, Washington, DC. 1995.

Lehmkuhl, J. F., P. F. Hessburg, R. L. Everett, M. H. Huff, and R. D. Ottmar. Historical and Current Forest Landscapes of Eastern Oregon and Washington, Part 1: Vegetation Pattern and Insect and Disease Hazards. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-328, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon, 1994.

Little, R. L., D. L. Peterson, and L. L. Conquest. Regeneration of Subalpine Fir (Abies lasiocarpa) Following Fire: Effects of Climate and Other Factors. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 24, 934-944, 1994.

Marcot, B. G., R. S. Holthausen, J. Teply, and W. D. Carrier. Old-Growth Inventories: Status, Definitions, and Visions for the Future. Wildlife and Vegetation in Unmanaged Douglas-Fir Forests, edited by L. F. Ruggiero, K. Aubry, and M. H. Huff, US Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-285, pp. 47-60, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. 1991.

Mason, R. R. and B. E. Wickman. The Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth in the Interior Pacific Northwest. Chapter 10 in Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations, edited by A. A. Berryman, Plenum Press, New York. 1988

Miller, R. F. and J. A. Rose. Western Juniper Expansion in Eastern Oregon. Great Basin Naturalist, 55, 37-45, 1995.

Mote, P. W., W. S. Keeton, and J. F. Franklin. Decadal Variations in Forest Fire Activity in the Pacific Northwest. 11th Conference on Applied Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Massachusetts, 1999a.

Neilson, R. P., G. A. King, and J. Lenihan. Modeling Forest Response to Climatic Change: The Potential for Large Emissions of Carbon from Dying Forests. Carbon Balance of the World's Forested Ecosystems: Towards a Global Assessment, edited by J. Kanninen, pp. 150-162, Academy of Finland, Joensuu, Finland, 1994.

Overpeck, J. T., D. Rind, and R. Goldberg. Climate-Induced Changes in Forest Disturbance and Vegetation. Nature, 343, 51-53, 1990.

Peterson, D. L. Climate, Limiting Factors and Environmental Change in High-Altitude Forests of Western North America. Climatic Variability and Extremes: The Impact on Forests, edited by M. Benistion and J. L. Innes, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. 1998.

Peterson, D. W. and D. L. Peterson. Growth Responses of Mountain Hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) to Interannual and Interdecadal Climate Variability. Ecology, in review, 2000.

US State Fact Sheets. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2000.

(http://www.ers.usda.gov/epubs/other/usfact/)

Waring, R. H. and J. F. Franklin. Evergreen Coniferous Forests of the Pacific Northwest. Science, 204, 1380, 1979.

Alaska -- Agriculture

Barber, V. A., G. P. Juday, and B. P. Finney. Reduced Growth of Alaskan White Spruce in the 20th Century from Temperature-Induced Drought Stress. Nature, 405, 6787, 668-673, 2000.

Furniss, R. L. and V. M. Carolin. Western Forest Insects. USDA Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 1339, Washington, DC, 1977.

Hennon, P. E. and C. G. Shaw. The Enigma of Yellow-Cedar Decline: What is Killing These Long-Lived, Defensive Trees? Journal of Forestry, 95(12), 4-10, December 1997.

Hogg, E. H. Simulation of Inter-Annual Responses of Trembling Aspen Stands to Climatic Variation and Insect Defoliation in Western Canada. Ecological Modeling, 114(2-3), 175-193, 1999.

Hogg, E. H. and A. G. Schwarz. Regeneration of Planted Conifers Across Climatic Moisture Gradients on the Canadian Prairies: Implications for Distribution and Climate Change. Journal of Biogeography, 24(4), 527-534, July 1997.

Holsten, E. H. and R. Burnside. Forest Health in Alaska: An Update. Western Forester, 42(4), 8-9, 1997.

Holsten, E. H., P. E. Hennone, and R. A. Werner. Insects and Diseases of Alaska Forests. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region Report Number 181, revised October 1985, Anchorage, Alaska, 1985.

Juday, G. P. and R. Barry. Growth Response of Upland White Spruce in Bonanza Creek LTER in Central Alaska. Proceedings of Ecological society of America, Annual combined meeting, 10-14 August 1996, Providence Rhode Island, 222, 1996.

Juday, G. P, R. A. Ott, D. W. Valentine, and V. A. Barber. Forests, Climate Stress, Insects, and Fire. Implications of Global Change in Alaska and the Bering Sea Region, Proceedings of a workshop, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, June 1997, edited by G. Weller and P. A. Anderson, Center for Global Change and Arctic System Research, 23-49, April 1998.

Kasischke, E. S., K. Bergen, R. Fennimore, F. Sotelo, G. Stephens, A. Janetos, and H. H. Shugart. Satellite Imagery Gives Clear Picture of Russia's Boreal Forest Fires. Eos, 80(13), 141-147, 1999.

Osterkamp, T. E., L. Viereck, Y. Shur, M. T. Jorgenson, C. H. Racine, A. P. Doyle, and R. D. Boone. Observations of Thermokarst and its Impact on Boreal Forests in Alaska. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, in press, 2000.

Powell, D. S., J. L. Falukner, D. R. Darr, Z. Zhu, and D. W. MacCleery. Forest Resources of the United States, 1992. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins Colorado, General Technical Report RM-234, 1993.

Sieben, B. G., D. L. Spittlehouse, J. A. McLean, and R. A. Benton. White Pine Weevil Hazard Under GISS Climate Change Scenarios in the Mackenzie Basin Using Radiosonde Derived Lapse Rates. Mackenzie Basin Impact Study Final Report, Proceedings of a conference in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, May 1996, edited by S. J. Cohen, Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service, 1997.

Van Cleve, K., W. C. Oechel, and J. L. Hom. Response of Black Spruce (Picea mariana) Ecosystems to Soil Temperature Modifications in Interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20, 1530-1535, 1990.

Veblen, T. T. and P. B. Alaback. A Comparative Review of Forest Dynamics and Disturbance in the Temperate Rainforests of North and South America. High-Latitude Rainforests and Associated Ecosystems of the West Coast of The Americas: Climate, Hydrology, Ecology, and Conservation, edited by R. G. Lawford, P. B. Alaback, and E. Fuentes, pp. 173-213, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996.

Werner, R. A. Forest Health in Boreal Ecosystems of Alaska. The Forestry Chronicle, 72(1), 43-46, 1996.

US Affiliated Islands -- Agriculture

Loope, L. L. and T. W. Giambelluca. Vulnerability of Island Tropical Montane Cloud Forests to Climate Change, With Special Reference to East Maui, Hawaii. Climatic Change, 39, 503-517, 1998.

O'Brien, S. T., B. P. Hayden, and H. H. Shugart. Global Climate Change, Hurricanes, and a Tropical Forest. Climatic Change, 22, 175-190, 1992.

Research Sectors of the Report

Agriculture Sector -- Agriculture

Adams, R. M., C. Rosenzweig, R. M. Peart, J. T. Richie, B. A. McCarl, J. D. Glyer, R. B. Curry, J. W. Jones, K. J. Boote, and L. H. Allen. Global Climate Change and US Agriculture. Nature, 345, 219-224, 1990.

Adams, R. M., R. A. Fleming, C. C. Chang, B. A. McCarl, and C. Rosenzweig. A Reassessment of the Economic Effects of Global Climate Change on US Agriculture. Climatic Change, 30, 147-167, 1995.

Adams, D., R. J. Alig, B. A. McCarl, J. M. Callaway, and S. Winnett. The Forest and Agricultural Sector Optimization Model: Model Structure and Applications. USDA Forest Service Research Paper PNW-RP-495, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon, 1997.

Adams, R. M., B. H. Hurd, and J. Reilly. A Review of Impacts to US Agricultural Resources. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Arlington, VA, 36 pp., 1999a.

Adams, R. M., B. A. McCarl, K. Segerson, C. Rosenzweig, K. J. Bryant, B. L. Dixon, R. Conner, R. E. Evenson, and D. Ojima. Economic Effects of Climate Change on US Agriculture. The Impact of Climate Change on the United States Economy, edited by R. Mendelsohn and J. Neumann, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 18-54, 1999b.

Agricultural Statistics. US Department of Agriculture, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1987.

Ben Mechlia, N. and J. J. Carrol. Agroclimatic Modeling for the Simulation of Phenology, Yield, and Quality of Crop production: 1. Citrus Response Formulation. International Journal of Biometeorology, 33, 36-51, 1989.

Chaudhuri, U. N., M. B. Kirkam, and E. T. Kanemasu. Root Growth of Winter Wheat Under Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Drought. Crop Science, 30, 853-857, 1990.

Easterling, W. E., III, P. R. Crosson, N. J. Rosenberg, M. McKenney, L. A. Katz, and K. Lemon. Agricultural Impacts of and Responses to Climate Change in the Missouri-Iowa-Nebraska-Kansas (MINK) Region. Climate Change, 24, 23-61, 1993.

FEDS Budgets. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1982.

House, R. M. USMP Regional Agricultural Model. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, National Economics Division, Draft, 1987.

Izaurralde, C. R., R. A. Brown, and N. J. Rosenberg. US Regional Agricultural Production in 2030 and 2095: Response to CO₂ Fertilization and Hadley Climate Model (HadCM2) Projections of Greenhouse-Forced Climatic Change. PNNL-12252, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, Washington, 1999.

Kane, S., J. Reilly, and J. Tobey. Climate Change: Economic Implications for World Agriculture. AER No. 647, US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environmental Division, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC, 1991.

Kane, S., J. Reilly, and J. Tobey. An Empirical Study of the Economic Effects of Climate Change on World Agriculture. Climatic Change, 21, 17-35, 1992.

Kimball, B. A. Carbon dioxide and Agricultural yield: An Assemblage and Analysis of 430 Prior Observations. Agronomy Journal, 75, 779-786, 1983.

Kimball, B. A., P. J. Pinter Jr., R. L. Garcia, R. L. LaMorte, G. W. Wall, D. J. Hunsaker, G. Wechsung, F. Wechsung, and T. Kartschall. Productivity and Water Use of Wheat Under Free-Air CO₂ Enrichment. Global Change Biology, 1, 429-442, 1995.

Lambert, D. K., B. A. McCarl, Q. He, M. S. Kaylen, W. Rosenthal, C. C. Chang, and W. I. Nayda. Uncertain Yields in Sectoral Welfare Analysis: An Application to Global Warming. Journal Agricultural and Applied Economics, 423-435, 1995.

Lewandrowski, J. and D. Schimmelpfennig. Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change: Issues of Long-Run Sustainability. Land Economics, 75(1), 39-57, 1999.

Long, S. P. Modification of the Response of Photosynthetic Productivity to Rising Temperature by Atmospheric CO₂ Concentrations: Has its Importance Been Underestimated? Plant, Cell and Environment, 14(8), 729-739, 1991.

Mendelsohn, R., W. D. Nordhaus, and D. Shaw. The Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture: A Ricardian Analysis. The American Economic Review, 84(4), 753-771, 1994.

Mitchell, R. A. C., V. J. Mitchell, S. P. Driscoll, J. Franklin, and D. W. Lawlor. Effects of Increased CO₂ Concentration and Temperature on Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat at Two Levels of Nitrogen Application. Plant, Cell, and Environment, 16, 521-529, 1993.

Parry, M. L. Agriculture and Forestry. Climate Change: The IPCC Impacts Assessment, edited by W. J. McG. Tegarrt, G. W. Sheldon, and D. C. Griffiths. UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Australian Government Printing Office, Canberra, 1990a.

Parry, M. L. Climate Change and World Agriculture. Earthscan Publications Ltd., London, England, 1990b.

Parton, W. J., D. S. Schimel, and D. S. Ojima. Environmental Change in Grasslands: Assessment Using Models. Climate Change, 28(1-2), 111-141, 1994.

Preparing US Agriculture for Global Climate Change. CAST (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology), Task Force Report No. 119, Ames, Iowa, 96 pp., 1992.

Reilly, J. (Guest Editor). Climate Change, Impacts on Agriculture. Climatic Change, 43(4), 645-793, 1999.

Reilly, J., et al. Changing Climate and Changing Agriculture: Report of the Agricultural Sector Assessment Team. In review, 2000.

(http://www.nacc.usgcrp.gov/sectors/agriculture/working-papers.html)

Reilly, J., N. Hohmann, and S. Kane. Climate Change and Agriculture: Global and Regional Effects Using an Economic Model of International Trade. MIT-CEEPR 93-012WP, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 1993.

Rosenzweig, C. and D. Hillel. Climate Change and the Global Harvest: Potential Impacts of the Greenhouse Effect on Agriculture. Oxford University Press, New York, 1998.

Rosenzweig, C., A. Iglesias, X. B. Yang, P. R. Epstein, and E. Chivian. Climate Change and US Agriculture: The Impacts of Warming and Extreme Weather Events on Productivity, Plant Diseases, and Pests. Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, p. 46, 2000.

Rosenzweig, C. and F. N. Tubiello. Impacts of Future Climate Change on Mediterranean Agriculture: Current Methodologies and Future Directions. Climate Change, 1, 219-232, 1997.

Schimmelpfennig, D., J. Lewandrowski, J. Reilly, M. Tsigas, and I. Parry. Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change: Issues of Long-Run Sustainability. Agricultural Economics Report No. 740, Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington DC, June 1996.

Shriner, D. S. and R. B. Street. North America. The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability, edited by R. T. Watson, M. C. Zinyowera, and R. H. Moss, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 253-330, 1998.

Sionit, N., D. A. Mortensen, B. R. Strain, and H. Hellmers. Growth Response of Wheat to CO₂ Enrichment and Different Levels of Mineral Nutrition. Agronomy Journal, 73, 1023-1027, 1981.

Southworth, J., J. C. Randolph, M. Habeck, O. C. Doering, R. A. Pfeifer, G. Rao, and J. Johnston. Consequences of future Climate Change and Changing Climate Variability on Corn Yields in the Midwest US. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment, in press, 2000.

Tobey, J., J. Reilly, and S. Kane. Economic Implications of Global Climate Change for World Agriculture. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 17(1), 195-204, 1992.

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