Atmosphere

Scenarios Used for the Report

Scenarios for Climate Variability and Change -- Atmosphere

Alcamo, J., E. Kreileman, M. Krol, R. Leemans, J. Bollen, J. Van Minnen, M. Schaeffer, S. Toet, and B. De Vries. Global Modelling of Environmental Change: An Overview of Image 2.1, pp. 3-94. Global Change Scenarios of the 21st Century: Results from the Image 2.1 Model, edited by J. Alcamo, R. Leemans, and E. Kreileman, Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. 1998.

Allan, R. J., J. Lindesay, and D. Parker. El Niño Southern Oscillation and Climate Variability. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 405 pp. 1996.

Angell, J. K. Difference in Radiosonde Temperature Trend for the Period 1979-1998 of MSU Data and the Period 1959-1998 Twice as Long. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 2177-2180. 2000.

Arritt, R. W., D. C. Goering, and C. J. Anderson. The North American Monsoon System in the Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere GCM. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 565-568, 2000.

Barnett, T. P. K., et al. Detection and Attribution of Recent Climate Change: A Status Report. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 80, 2631-2659, 1999.

Beersma, J. J., K. M. Rider, G. J. Komen, E. Kaas, and V. V. Kharin. An Analysis of Extratropical Storms in the North Atlantic Region as Simulated in a Control and 2 × CO₂ Time-Slice Experiment with a High-Resolution Atmospheric Model. Tellus, 49A, 347-361, 1997.

Bengtsson, L., M. Botzet, and M. Esch. Will Greenhouse Gas-Induced Warming Over the Next 50 Years Lead to Higher Frequency and Great Intensity Hurricanes? Tellus, 48A, 57-73. 1996.

Berger, A. Long-Term Variation of Daily insolation and Quaternary Climatic Changes. Journal Atmospheric Sciences, 35, 2362-2367. 1978.

Boer, G. J., G. M. Flato, and D. Ramsden. A Transient Climate Change Simulation with Historical and Projected Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Forcing: Projected Climate for the 21st Century. Climate Dynamics, 16, 427-450. 2000a.

Boer, G. J., G. M. Flato, M. C. Reader, and D. Ramsden. A Transient Climate Change Simulation with Historical and Projected Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Forcing: Experimental Design and Comparison with the Instrumental Record for the 20th Century. Climate Dynamics, 16, 405-425. 2000b.

Boer, G. J., N. A. McFarlane, R. Laprise, J. D. Henderson, and J. P. Blanchet. The Canadian Climate Centre Spectral Atmospheric General Circulation Model. Atmosphere-Ocean, 22(4), 397-429. 1984.

Bove, M. C., J. B. Elsner, C. W. Landsea, X. Niu, and J. J. O'Brien. Effect of El Niño on US Landfalling Hurricanes, Revisited. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 2477-2482. 1998.

Boville, B. A. and P. R. Gent, The NCAR Climate System Model, Version One. Journal of Climate, 11(6), 1115-1130. 1998.

Cai, W. and P. H. Whetton. Evidence for a Time-Varying Pattern of Greenhouse Warming in the Pacific Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 2577-2580. 2000.

Callendar, G. S., The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and its Influence on Temperature. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 64, 223. 1938.

Carnell, R. E. and C. A. Senior. Changes in Mid-Latitude Variability Due to Increasing Greenhouse Gases and Sulphate Aerosols. Climate Dynamics, 14, 369-383. 1998.

Christoph, M., U. Ulbrich, and P. Speth. Midwinter Suppression of Northern Hemisphere Storm Track Activity in the Real Atmosphere and in GCM Experiments. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 54, 1589-1599. 1997.

Collins, M. The El-Niño Southern Oscillation in the Second Hadley Centre Coupled Model and its Response to Greenhouse Warming. Journal of Climate, 13, 1299-1312. 2000.

Dai, A., K. E. Trenberth, and T. R. Karl. Effects of Clouds, Soil Moisture, Precipitation, and Water Vapor on Diurnal Temperature Range. Journal of Climate, 12, 2451-2473. 1999.

Dai, A., T. M. L. Wigley, B. A. Boville, J. T. Kiehl, and L. E. Buja. Climates of the 20th and 21st Centuries Simulated by NCAR Climate System Model. Journal of Climate, in press. 2000.

Delworth, T. L., J. D. Mahlman, and T. R. Knutson. Changes in Heat Index Associated with CO₂-Induced Global Warming. Climatic Change, 43, 369-386. 1999.

Detecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide. Edited by M. C. MacCracken and F. M. Luther, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 1985b.

Doherty, R. and L. O. Mearns. A Comparison of Simulation of Current Climate From Two Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Global Climate Models Against Observations and Evaluation of Their Future Climates. National Institute for Global and Environmental Change (NIGEC), Boulder, Colorado. 1999.

Easterling, D. R. Variability and Trends in Temperature Threshold Exceedances and Frost Dates in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, in review. 2000.

Easterling, D. R., T. R. Karl, E. H. Mason, P. Y. Hughes, D. P. Bowman, R. C. Daniels, and T. A. Boden. United States Historical Climatology Network (USHCN) Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Data. Publication No. 4500, Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 83 pp. with appendices. 1996.

Easterling, D. R., et al. Maximum and Minimum Temperature Trends for the Globe. Science, 277, 364-367. 1997.

Easterling, D. R., J. L. Evans, P. Ya. Groisman, T. R. Karl, K. E. Kunkel, and P. Ambenje. Observed Variability and Trends in Extreme Climate Events: A Review. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81, 417-425. 2000a.

Easterling, D. R., G. A. Meehl, C. Parmesan, S. A. Changnon, T. R. Karl, and L. O. Mearns. Climate Extremes: Observations, Modeling, and Impacts, Science, 289, 2068-2074. 2000b.

Elements of Change 1998, edited by S. J. Hassol and J. Katzenberger. AGCI (Aspen Global Change Institute), Aspen Colorado. 1999.

Flato, G. M., G. J. Boer, W. G. Lee, N. A. McFarlane, D. Ramsden, M. C. Reader, and A. J. Weaver. The Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis Global Coupled Model and its Climate. Climate Dynamics, 16, 451-467. 2000.

Gates, W. L., et al. An Overview of the Results of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP I). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 80, 29-55. 1999.

Giorgi, F., L. Mearns, C. Shields, and L. McDaniel. Regional Nested Model Simulations of Present Day and 2 × CO₂ Climate Over the Central Great Plains of the United States, Climatic Change, 40, 457-493. 1998.

Goody, R. M. and Y. L. Yung. Atmospheric Radiation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. 1989.

Gregory, J. M. and J. F. B. Mitchell. Simulation of Daily Variability of Surface Temperature and Precipitation Over Europe in the Current and 2 × CO₂ Climates Using the UKMO Climate Model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 121, 1451-1476. 1995.

Gregory, J. M., J. F. B. Mitchell, and A. J. Brady. Summer Drought in Northern Midlatitudes in a Time-Dependent CO₂ Climate Experiment. Journal of Climate, 10, 662-686. 1997.

Hansen, J., D. Johnson, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, P. Lee, D. Rind, and G. Russell. Climatic Impact from Increasing Carbon Dioxide, Science, 213, 957-966. 1981.

Hansen, J., M. Sato, A. Lacis, R. Ruedy, I. Gegen, and E. Matthews. Climate Forcings in the Industrial Era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95, 12753-12758. 1998.

Haywood, J. M., R. J. Stouffer, R. T. Wetherald, S. Manabe, and V. Ramaswamy. Transient Response of a Coupled Model to Estimated Changes in Greenhouse Gas and Sulfate Concentrations. Geophysical Research Letters, 24(11), 1335-1338. 1997.

Hegerl, G. C., K. Hasselmann, U. Cubasch, J. F. B. Mitchell, E. Roeckner, R. Voss, and J. Waszkewitz. Multi-Fingerprint Detection and Attribution of Greenhouse Gas-and Aerosol-Forced Climate Change. Climate Dynamics, 13, 613-634. 1997.

Hengeveld, H. G. Projections for Canada's Climate Future. Special report CCD-00-01, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada. 2000.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, edited by J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge United Kingdom, 365 pp. 1990.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, edited by J. T. Houghton, B. A. Callander, and S. K. Varney. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 200 pp. 1992.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, edited by J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 572 pp. 1996a.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). An Introduction to Simple Climate Models Used in the IPCC Second Assessment Report, by D. Harvey, J. Gregory, M. Hoffert, A. Jain, M. Lal, R. Leemans, S. Raper, T. Wigley, and J. deWolde, and edited by J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, D. Griggs, and K. Maskell. World Meteorological Organization/United Nations Environment Programme, 50 pp. 1997.

Johns, T. C., R. E. Carnell, J. F. Crossley, J. M. Gregory, J. F. B. Mitchell, C. A. Senior, S. F. B. Tett, and R. A. Wood. The Second Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere GCM: Model Description, Spinup and Validation. Climate Dynamics, 13, 103-134. 1997.

Jones, P. D., M. New, D. E. Parker, S. Martin, and I. G. Rigor. Surface Air Temperature and its Changes Over the Past 150 Years. Reviews of Geophysics, 37, 173-199. 1999.

Karl, T. R. and D. R. Easterling. Climate Extremes: Selected Review and Future Research Directions. Climatic Change, 42(10), 309-325. 1999.

Karl, T. R., R. W. Knight, and B. Baker. The Record Breaking Global Temperatures of 1997 and 1998: Evidence for an Increase in the Rate of Global Warming? Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 719-722. 2000.

Karl, T. R., R. W. Knight, D. R. Easterling, and R. Quayle. Indices of Climate Change for the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77, 279-292. 1996.

Karl, T. R., R. W. Knight, and N. Plummer. Trends in High-Frequency Climate Variability in the Twentieth Century. Nature, 377, 217-220. 1995a.

Karl, T. R. and R. W. Knight. The 1995 Chicago Heat Wave: How Likely is a Recurrence? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78, 1107-1119. 1997.

Karl, T. R., R. W. Knight, D. R. Easterling, and R. G. Quayle. Indices of Climate Change for the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77, 279-292. 1995b.

Kiehl, J. T. and K. E. Trenberth. Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78, 197-208. 1997.

Klein, W. H. Principal Tracks and Mean Frequencies of Cyclones and Anticyclones in the Northern Hemisphere. Research Paper 40, US Weather Bureau, Washington DC, 60 pp. 1957.

Knutson, T. R. and S. Manabe. Time-Mean Response over the Tropical Pacific to Increased CO₂ in a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model. Journal of Climate, 8, 2181-2199. 1995.

Knutson, T. R. and S. Manabe. Model Assessment of Decadal Variability and Tropical Pacific Ocean. Journal of Climate, 11, 2273-2296. 1998.

Knutson, T. R. and R. E. Tuleya. Increased Hurricane Intensities with CO₂-Induced Warming as Simulated Using the GFDL Hurricane Prediction System. Climate Dynamics, 15, 503-519. 1999.

Knutson, T. R., T. L. Delworth, K. W. Dixon, and R. J. Stouffer. Model Assessment of Regional Surface Temperature Trends (1949-1997). Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 30981-30996. 1999.

Knutson, T. R., R. E. Tuleya, and Y. Kurihara. Simulated Increase of Hurricane Intensities in a CO₂-Warmed Climate. Science, 279, 1018-1020. 1998.

Krishnamurti, T. N., R. Correa-Torres, M. Latif, and G. Daughenbaugh. The Impact of Current and Possibly Future Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies on the Frequency of Atlantic Hurricanes. Tellus, 50A, 186-210. 1998.

Lambert, S. J. The Effect of Enhanced Greenhouse Warming on Winter Cyclone Frequencies and Strengths. Journal of Climate, 8(5), 1447-1452. 1995.

Lean, J. and D. Rind. Climate Forcing by Changing Solar Radiation. Journal of Climate, 11, 3069-3094. 1998.

Ledley, T. S., E. T. Sundquist, S. E. Schwartz, D. K. Hall, J. D. Fellows, and T. L. Killeen. Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 80(39), September 28, 1999, p. 453. 1999.

(http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/99148e.html)

Legates, D. R. and C. J. Wilmott. Mean Seasonal and Spatial Variability in Global Surface Air Temperature. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 41, 11-21. 1990a.

Lunkeit, F., M. Ponater, R. Sausen, M. Sogalla, U. Ulbrich, and M. Windelband. Cyclonic Activity in a Warmer Climate. Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, 69, 393-407. 1996.

Manabe, S. and R. T. Wetherald. The Effects of Doubling the CO₂ Concentration on the Climate of a General Circulation Model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 32, 3. 1975.

McFarlane, N. A., G. J. Boer, J. P. Blanchet, and M. Lazare. The Canadian Climate Centre Second-Generation General Circulation Model and its Equilibrium Climate, Journal of Climate, 5, 1013-1044. 1992.

Mearns, L. O., I. Bogardi, F. Giorgi, I. Matyasovszky, and M. Palecki. Comparison of Climate Change Scenarios Generated from Regional Climate Model Experiments and Statistical Downscaling. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(D6), 6603-6621. 1999.

Mearns, L. O., F. Giorgi, L. McDaniel, and C. Shields. Analysis of the Diurnal Range and Variability of Daily Temperature in a Nested Modeling Experiment: Comparison with Observations and 2 × CO₂ Results. Climate Dynamics, 11, 193-209. 1995.

Meehl, G. A. and W. M. Washington. El Niño-Like Climate Change in a Model with Increased Atmospheric CO₂ Concentrations. Nature, 382, 56-60. 1996.

Meehl, G. A., G. J. Boer, C. Covey, M. Latif, and R. J. Stouffer. Meeting Summary: The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81, 313-318. 2000a.

Meehl, G. A, F. Zwiers, J. Evans, T. Knutson, L. Mearns, and P. Whetton, Trends in Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Issues Related to Modeling Extremes in Projections of Future Climate Change. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81, 427-436. 2000b.

Mitchell, J. F. B. and T. C. Johns. On Modification of Global Warming by Sulfate Aerosols. Journal of Climate, 10(2), 245-267. 1997.

Mitchell, J. F. B., T. C. Johns, J. M. Gregory, and S. Tett. Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Greenhouse Gases and Sulphate Aerosols. Nature, 376, 501-504. 1995.

Mitchell, J. F. B., T. J. Johns, W. J. Ingram, and J. A. Lowe. The Effect of Stabilising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations on Global and Regional Climate Change. Journal of Geophysical Research, 27, 2977-2980. 2000.

Mitchell, J. F. B., C. A. Wilson, and W. M. Cunnington. On CO₂ Climate Sensitivity and Model Dependence of Results. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 113, 293-322. 1987.

Monahan, A. H., J. C. Fyfe, and G. M. Flato. A Regime View of Northern Hemisphere Atmospheric Variability and Change Under Global Warming. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 1139-1142. 2000.

Mote, P. and A. O'Neill. Numerical Modeling of the Global Atmosphere in the Climate System. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, 517 pp. 2000.

Nihoul, J. C. J. (Ed.). Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 767 pp. 1985.

Noda, A., K. Yamaguchi, S. Yamaki, and S. Yukimoto. Relationship Between Natural Variability and CO₂-Induced Warming Pattern: MRI AOGCM Experiment. Preprints volume, 10th Symposium on Global Change Studies, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 359-362. 1999.

NRC (National Research Council). Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scientific Assessment. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 22 pp. 1979.

NRC (National Research Council). Changing Climate: Report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 496 pp. 1983.

NRC (National Research Council). Capacity of US Climate Modeling. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 1998.

NRC (National Research Council). Reconciling Observations of Global Temperature Change. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 85 pp. 2000.

Parker, D. E., T. P. Legg, and C. K. Folland. Interdecadal Changes of Surface Temperatures Since the Late 19th Century. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 14373-14399. 1994.

Pisias, N. G. and N. J. Shackleton. Modelling the Global Climate Response to Orbital Forcing and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Changes. Nature, 310, 757-759. 1984.

Pitman, A., R. Pielke, Sr., R. Avissar, M. Claussen, J. Gash, and H. Dolman. The Role of the Land Surface in Weather and Climate: Does the Land Surface Matter? IGBP Newsletter, 39, pp. 4-9. September 1999.

Projecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide. Edited by M. C. MacCracken and E. M. Luther, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 1985a.

Quayle, R. G, T. C. Peterson, A. Basist, and C. Godfrey. An Operational Near-Real-Time Global Temperature Index. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 333-335. 1999.

Risbey, J. S., P. J. Kushner, P. J. Lamb, R. Miller, M. C. Morgan, M. Richman, G. Roe, and J. Smith. Generating Regional Climate Scenarios by Combining Synoptic-Climatological Guidance and GCM Output. US EPA Research Report, Washington DC, 88 pp. 1999. (also submitted to Journal of Climate by a subset of the authors and with different title)

Schubert, M., J. Perlwitz, R. Blender, K. Fraedrich, and F. Lunkeit. North Atlantic Cyclones in CO₂-Induced Warm Climate Simulations: Frequency, Intensity, and Tracks. Climate Dynamics, 14, 827-837. 1998.

Smith, E. Atlantic and East Coast Hurricanes 1900-98: A Frequency and Intensity Study for the Twenty-First Century. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 80, 2717-2720. 1999.

Smith, S. J., N. Nakicenovic, and T. M. L. Wigley. Radiative Forcing in the IPCC SRES Scenarios. Nature, in review. 2000.

Sousounis, P. A Synoptic Assessment of Climate Change Model Output: Explaining the Differences and Similarities Between the Canadian and Hadley Climate Models. Eleventh Symposium on Global Change Studies, 80th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, January 2000, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Massachusetts. 1999.

Stott, P. A., S. E. B. Tett, G. S. Jones, M. R. Allen, W. J. Ingram, and J. F. B. Mitchell. Attribution of Twentieth Century Temperature Change to Natural and Anthropogenic Causes. Climate Dynamics, in press. 2000.

Stouffer, R. J., G. Hegerl, ans S. Tett. A Comparison of Surface Air Temperature Variability in Three 1000-Year Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model Integrations. Journal of Climate, 13, 513-537. 2000.

Tett, S. F. B., P. A. Stott, W. J. Allen, W. J. Ingram, and J. F. B. Mirchell. Causes of Twentieth Century Temperature Change. Nature, 399, 568-572. 1999.

Trenberth, K. E. and J. W. Hurrell. Decadal Atmosphere-Ocean Variations in the Pacific. Climate Dynamics, 9, 303-319. 1994

Van Loon, H. and J. Rogers. The Seesaw in Winter Temperatures Between Greenland and Northern Europe, Part I: General Description. Monthly Weather Review, 106, 296-310. 1978

Walsh, K. J. E. and B. F. Ryan. Idealized Vortex Studies of the Effect of Climate Change on Tropical Cyclone Intensities. Preprints volume, 23rd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Massachussetts, pp 403-404. 1999.

Washington, W. M. and C. L. Parkinson. An Introduction to Three-Dimensional Climate Modeling. University Science Books, Mill Valley, California, 422 pp. 1986.

Washington, W. M., et al. Parallel Climate Model (PCM) Control and 1%/year CO₂ Simulations with a 2/3 degree Ocean Model and a 27km Dynamical Sea Ice Model. Clymate Dynamicsj, in press. 2000.

Yoshimura, J., M. Sugi, and A. Noda. Influence of Greenhouse Warming on Tropical Cyclone Frequency Simulated by a High-Resolution AGCM. Preprints volume, 10th Symposium on Global Change Studies, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Massachusetts, pp 555-558. 1999.

Zhang, Y., J. M. Wallace, and D. S. Battisti. ENSO-Like Inter-Decadal Variability: 1900-93. Journal of Climate, 10, 1004-1020. 1997.

Zwiers, F. W. and V. Kharin. Changes in the Extremes of the Climate Simulated by CCC GCM2 Under CO₂ Doubling. Journal of Climate, 11, 2200-2222. 1998.

Vegetation and Biogeochemical Scenarios -- Atmosphere

Prinn, R., et al. Integrated Global System Model for Climate Policy Assessment: Feedbacks and Sensitivity Studies. Climatic Change, 41(3/4), 469-546. 1999.

Reilly, J., R. Prinn, J. Harnisch, J. Fitzmaurice, H. Jacoby, D. Kicklighter, P. Stone, A. Sokolov, and C. Wang. Multi-Gas Assessment of the Kyoto Protocol. Nature, 401, 549-555. 1999.

Report's Regional Elements of the U.S.

Northeast Region -- Atmosphere

Agee, E. M. Trends in Cyclone and Anticyclone Frequency and Comparison with Periods of Warming and Cooling over North America. Journal of Climate, 4, 263-267, 1991.

Barron, E. J. Climate Models: How Reliable are Their Predictions? Consequences, 1, 16-27. 1995.

Bengtsson, L., M. Botzet, and M. Esch. Will Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Warming Over the Next 50 Years Lead to Higher Frequency and Greater Intensity of Hurricanes? Tellus, 48, 57-73. 1996.

Boer, G. J., N. A. McFarlane, R. Laprise, J. D. Henderson, and J. P. Blanchet. The Canadian Climate Centre Spectral Atmospheric General Circulation Model. Atmosphere-Ocean, 22(4), 397-429. 1984.

Boer, G. J., G. M. Flato, M. C. Reader, and D. Ramsden. A Transient Climate Change Simulation with Historical and Projected Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Forcing: Experimental Design and Comparison with the Instrumental Record for the 20th Century, Climate Dynamics, 16, 405-426. 1999.

Boer, G. J., G. M. Flato, and D. Ramsden. A Transient Climate Change Simulation with Historical and Projected Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Forcing: Projected Climate for the 21st Century. Climate Dynamics, 16, 427-450. 1999.

Bove, M. C., J. B. Elsner, C. W. Landsea, X. Niu, and J. J. O'Brien. Effect of El Niño on U.S. Land Falling Hurricanes, Revisited. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 2477-2482. 1998.

Broccoli, A. J. The Greenhouse Effect: The Science Base. The Baked Apple? Metropolitan New York in the Greenhouse, edited by D. Hill, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 790, No. 23, 1996.

Carnell, R. E. and C. A. Senior. Changes in Mid-Latitude Variability Due to Increasing Greenhouse Gases and Sulphate Aerosols, Climate Dynamics, 14, 368-383, 1998.

Carnell, R. E., C. A. Senior, and J. F. B. Mitchell. An Assessment of Measures of Storminess: Simulated Changes in Northern Hemisphere Winter Due to Increasing CO₂, Climate Dynamics, 12, 467-476, 1996.

Changnon, S. A. and J. M. Changnon. Temporal Fluctuations in Weather Disasters: 1950-1989. Climatic Change, 22, 191-208, 1992.

DeGaetano, A. T. Climate Perspective and Impacts of the 1988 Northern New York and New England Ice Storm. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81, 237-254. 2000.

Emanuel, K. A. The Maximum Intensity of Hurricanes, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 45, 1143-1154. 1988.

Flato, G. M., G. J. Boer, W. G. Lee, N. A. McFarlane, D. Ramsden, M. C. Reader, A. J. Weaver. The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Global Coupled Model and its Climate. Climate Dynamics, 16, 451-468. 1999.

Hayden, B. P., Climate Change and Extratropical Storminess in the United States: An Assessment. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1387-1398. 1999.

Hughes, P. Y., E. H. Mason, T. R. Karl, and W. A. Brower. United States Historical Climatology Network Daily Temperature and Precipitation Data. Environmental Sciences Division Publication 3778, Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 55 pp. 1992.

Idso, S. B., R. C. Balling, Jr., and R. S. Cerveny. Carbon Dioxide and Hurricanes: Implications of Northern Hemispheric Warming for Atlantic/Caribbean Storms. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 42, 259-263. 1990.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 1995, Second Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 1996.

Johns, T. C., R. E. Carnell, J. F. Crossley, J. M. Gregory, J. F. B. Mitchell, C. A. Senior, S. F. B. Tett, and R. A. Wood. The Second Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere GCM: Model Description, Spinup, and Validation, Climate Dynamics, 13, 103-134. 1997.

Karl, T. R., R. W. Knight, D. R. Easterling, and R. G. Quayle. Trends in U.S. Climate During the Twentieth Century. Consequences, 1, 2-12. 1996.

Knutson, T. R., R. E. Tuleya, and Y. Kurihara. Simulated Increase of Hurricane Intensities in a CO₂-Warmed Climate. Science, 279, 1018-1020. 1998.

Lighthill, J., G. Holland, W. Gray, C. Landsea, G. Craig, J. Evans, Y. Kurihara, and C. Guard. Global Climate Change and Tropical Cyclones, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 75, 2147-2157. 1994.

McFarlane, N. A., G. J. Boer, J. P. Blanchet, and M. Lazare. The Canadian Climate Centre Second-generation General Circulation Model and its Equilibrium Climate. Journal of Climate, 5, 1013-1044. 1992.

Mitchell, J. F. B., T. C. Johns, J. M. Gregory, and S. Tett. Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Greenhouse Gases and Sulphate Aerosols. Nature, 376, 501-504. 1995.

Mitchell, J. F. B. and T. C. Johns. On Modification of Global Warming by Sulfate Aerosols. Journal of Climate, 10, 245-267. 1997.

Polsky, C., J. Allard, N. Currit, R. G. Crane, and B. Yarnal. The Mid-Atlantic Region and its Climate: Past, Present, and Future. Climate Research, 14, 161-173.

Stephenson, D. B. and I. M. Held. GCM Response of Northern Winter Stationary Waves and Storm Tracks to Increasing Amounts of Carbon Dioxide, Journal of Climate, 6, 1859-1870. 1993.

US Global Change Research Program Forum on Global Change Modeling. USGCRP Report 95-02, Washington, DC. 1995.

Southeast Region -- Atmosphere

Kiehl, J. T. Climate Change Enhanced: Solving the Aerosol Puzzle. Science, 283(5406), 1273-1275. 1999.

Lo, C. P., D. A. Quattrochi, and J. C. Luvall. Application of High-Resolution Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing and GIS to Assess the Urban Heat Island Effect. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 18, 287-304. 1997.

Lockwood, J. G. Is Potential Evapotranspiration and its Relationship With Actual Evapotranspiration Sensitive to Elevated CO₂ Levels? Climatic Change, 41(2), 193-212. 1999.

Quattrochi, D. A. and J. C. Luvall. Urban Sprawl and Urban Pall: Assessing the Impacts of Atlanta's Growth on Meteorology and Air Quality Using Remote Sensing and GIS. Geographical Information Systems, 9, 26-33. 1999.

Quattrochi, D. A., J. C. Luvall, M. G. Estes, Jr., C. P. Lo, S. Q. Kidder, J. Hafner, H. Taha, R. D. Bornstein, R. R. Gillies, and K. P. Gallo. Project ATLANTA (ATlanta LAnd use ANalysis: Temperature and Air quality): A Study of How the Urban Landscape Affects Meteorology and Air Quality Through Time. Preprints, American Meteorological Society, 104-107. 1998.

The State of the Southern Oxidants Study: Policy-Relevant Findings in Ozone Pollution Research, 1988-1994. Southern Oxidants Study, Raleigh, North Carolina, 94 pp. 1995.

Midwest Region -- Atmosphere

Climate Change and Wisconsin (230-F-97-008ww), Climate Change and Michigan (230-F-97-008v), Climate Change and Minnesota (230-F-97-008w). EPA. 1997.

(http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/impacts/state/index.html)

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change). Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Edited by J. Y. Houghton, F. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 570 pp. 1996.

Meehl, G. A., F. Zwiers, J. Evans, T. Knutson, L. Mearns, and P. Whetton. Trends in Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Issues Related to Modeling Extremes in Projections of Future Climate Change. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81(3), pp. 427-436.

Great Plains Region -- Atmosphere

Seielstad, G., (Ed.). Proceedings, Northern Great Plains Regional Workshop on Climate Variability and Climate Change. University of North Dakota, Upper Midwest Aerospace Consortium. 1998.

West Region -- Atmosphere

Bales, R. C. and D. M. Liverman. Climate Patterns and Trends in the Southwest. Climate Variability and Change in the Southwest: Final Report of the Southwest Regional Climate Change Symposium and Workshop, edited by R. Merideth, D. Liverman, R. Bales, and M. Patterson, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 1998

Climate Change and New Mexico. EPA 236-F-98-007p, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 1998a.

Climate Change and Utah. EPA 236-F-98-007z, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 1998b.

Climate Variability in the Southwest Region. CLIMAS. 1998.

Foundation Document Figures. National Center for Atmospheric Research. November 5, 1999.

(http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/naco/found/figs.html)

Houghton, J. T., L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, (Eds.). Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1996.

Karl, T. R., C. N. Williams, Jr., F. T. Quinlan, and T. A. Boden. United States Historical Climatology Network (HCN) Serial Temperature and Precipitation Data. Environmental Science Division, Publication No. 3404, Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 389 pp. 1990

Liverman, D. Southwest Overview in Climate Variability and Change in the Southwest. Final Report of the Southwest Regional Climate Change Symposium and Workshop, edited by R. Merideth, D. Liverman, R. Bales, and M. Patterson, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 1998.

US Historical Climatology Network (USHCN), 1999.

(http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ol/climate/research/ushcn/ushcn.html)

Wagner, F. H. and J. Barron. Rocky Mountain/Great Basin Regional Climate-Change Workshop. Utah State University, Logan, Utah. 1998.

Pacific Northwest Region -- Atmosphere

Boer, G. J., N. A. McFarlane, R. Laprise, J. D. Henderson, and J.-P. Blanchet. The Canadian Climate Centre Spectral Atmospheric General Circulation Model. Atmosphere-Ocean, 22(4), 397-429, 1984.

Boer, G. J., G. M. Flato, M. C. Reader, and D. Ramsden. A Transient Climate Change Simulation with Historical and Projected Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Forcing: Experimental Design and Comparison with the Instrumental Record for the 20th Century. Climate Dynamics, 16, 405-426, 1999a.

Boer, G. J., G. M. Flato, and D. Ramsden. A Transient Climate Change Simulation with Historical and Projected Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Forcing: Projected Climate for the 21st Century, Climate Dynamics, 16, 427-450, 1999b.

dell'Arciprete, P., N. Mantua. and R. C. Francis. The Instrumental Record of Climate Variability in the Pacific Northwest. Progress Report for Year 1. JISAO Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 1996.

Flato, G. M., G. J. Boer, W. G. Lee, N. A. McFarlane, D. Ramsden, M. C. Reader, and A. J. Weaver. The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Global Coupled Model and its Climate. Climate Dynamics, in press, 2000.

Fosberg, M. A., L. O. Mearns, and C. Price. Climate Change: Fire Interactions at the Global Scale: Predictions and Limitations of Methods. Fire in the Environment, edited by P. J. Crutzen and J. G. Goldammer, Wiley and Sons, New York, 1992.

Giorgi, F. and G. Bates. On Climatological Skill of a Regional Model Over Complex Terrain. Monthly Weather Review, 117, 2325-2347, 1989.

Giorgi, F., C. S. Brodeur, and G. T. Bates. Regional Climate Change Scenarios Over the United States Produced with a Nested Regional Climate Model. Journal of Climate, 7, 375-399, 1994.

Johns T. C., R. E. Carnell, J. F. Crossley, J. M. Gregory, J. F. B. Mitchell, C. A. Senior, S. F. B. Tett, and R. A. Wood. The Second Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere GCM: Model Description, Spinup, and Validation, Climate Dynamics, 13, 103-134, 1997.

Laprise, R., D. Caya, M. Giguere, G. Bergeron, H. Cote, J.-P. Blanchet, G. J. Boer, and N. A. McFarlane. Climate and Climate Change in Western Canada as Simulated by the Canadian Regional Climate Model. Atmosphere-Ocean, 36, 119-167, 1998.

Leung, L. R. and S. J. Ghan. Pacific Northwest Climate Sensitivity Simulated by a Regional Climate . Part I: Control Simulations. Journal of Climate, 12(7), 2010-2030, 1999a.

Leung, L. R. and S. J. Ghan. Pacific Northwest Climate Sensitivity Simulated by a Regional Climate Model Driven by a GCM. Part II: 2 × CO₂ Simulations. Journal of Climate, 12(7), 2031-2053, 1999b.

Mantua, N. J., P. dell'Arciprete, and R. C. Francis. Patterns of Climate Variability in the Pacific Northwest: A Regional 20th Century Perspective. Impacts of climate variability and climate change in the Pacific Northwest: An integrated assessment, edited by E. L. Miles, Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 1999.

McFarlane, N. A., G. J. Boer, J. P. Blanchet, and M. Lazare. The Canadian Climate Centre Second-Generation General Circulation Model and its Equilibrium Climate. Journal of Climate, 5, 1013-1044, 1992.

Miller, A. J., D. R. Cayan, T. P. Barnett, N. E. Graham, and J. M. Oberhuber. The 1976-1977 Climate Shift in the Pacific Ocean. Oceanography, 7, 21-26, 1994.

Mitchell, J. F. B., T. C. Johns, J. M. Gregory, and S. Tett. Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Greenhouse Gases and Sulphate Aerosols. Nature, 376, 501-504, 1995.

Mitchell, J. F. B. and T. C. Johns. On Modification of Global Warming by Sulfate Aerosols. Journal of Climate, 10(2), 245-267, 1997.

Tett, S. B., P. A. Stott, M. R. Allen, W. J. Ingram, and J. F. B. Mitchell. Causes of Twentieth Century Temperature Change. Nature, 399, 569-572, 1999.

Alaska -- Atmosphere

Boer, G. J., N. A. McFarlane, R. Laprise, J. D. Henderson, and J.-P. Blanchet. The Canadian Climate Centre Spectral Atmospheric General Circulation Model. Atmosphere-Ocean, 22(4), 397-429, 1984.

Boer, G. J., G. M. Flato, M. C. Reader, and D. Ramsden. A Transient Climate Change Simulation with Historical and Projected Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Forcing: Experimental Design and Comparison With the Instrumental Record for the 20th Century. Climate Dynamics, 16, 405-426, 1999a.

Boer, G. J., G. M. Flato, and D. Ramsden. A Transient Climate Change Simulation With Historical and Projected Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Forcing: Projected Climate for the 21st Century, Climate Dynamics, 16, 427-450, 1999b.

Chase, T. N., R. A. Pielke, Sr., T. G. F. Kittel, R. R. Nemani, and S. W. Running. Simulated Impacts of Historical Land Cover Changes on Global Climate in Northern Winter. Climate Dynamics, 16(2-3), 93-105, 2000.

Flato, G. M., G. J. Boer, W. G. Lee, N. A. McFarlane, D. Ramsden, M. C. Reader, and A. J. Weaver. The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Global Coupled Model and its Climate. Climate Dynamics, 16(6), 451-467, 2000.

Fyfe, J. C., G. J. Boer, and G. M. Flato. The Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations and their Projected Changes Under Global Warming. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(11), 1601-1604 (June 1), 1999.

Gordon, H. B. and S. P. O'Farrell. Transient Climate Change in the CSIRO Coupled Model with Dynamic Sea Ice. Monthly Weather Review, 25(5), 875-907, 1997.

Hurrell, J. W. Influence of Variations in Extratropical Wintertime Teleconnections on Northern Hemisphere Temperature. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 665-668, 1996.

Hurrell, J. W., Decadal Trends in the North American Oscillations: Regional Temperatures and Precipitation. Science, 269, 676-679, 1995.

Johns T. C., R. E. Carnell, J. F. Crossley, J. M. Gregory, J. F. B. Mitchell, C. A. Senior, S. F. B. Tett, and R. A. Wood. The Second Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere GCM: Model Description, Spinup and Validation. Climate Dynamics, 13, 103-134, 1997

Kattenberg, A., F. Giorgi, H. Grassl, G. A. Meehl, J. F. B. Mitchell, R. J. Stouffer, T. Tokioka, A. J. Weaver, and T. M. L. Wigley. Climate Models: Projections of Future Change. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Second Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, pp. 285-357, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1996.

Lachenbruch A. H. and V. Marshall. Changing Climate: Geothermal Evidence from Permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic. Science, 234, 689-696, 1986.

Lükewille, A. and R. F. Wright. Experimentally Increased Soil Temperature Causes Release of Nitrogen at a Boreal Forest Catchment in Southern Norway. Global Change Biology, 3, 13-21, 1997.

McFarlane, N. A., G. J. Boer, J. P. Blanchet, and M. Lazare. The Canadian Climate Centre Second-Generation General Circulation Model and its Equilibrium Climate. Journal of Climate, 5, 1013-1044, 1992.

Manabe, S. and R. J. Stouffer. Simulation of Abrupt Climate Change Induced by Freshwater Input to the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature 378(6553), 165-167, 1995.

Mitchell J. F. B., T. C. Johns, J. M. Gregory, and S. Tett. Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Greenhouse Gases and Sulphate Aerosols. Nature, 376, 501-504, 1995.

Mitchell J. F. B. and T. C. Johns. On Modification of Global Warming by Sulfate Aerosols. Journal of Climate, 10(2), 245-267, 1997.

Parker, D. E., P. D. Jones, C. K. Folland, and A. Bevan. Interdecadal Changes of Surface Temperature Since the Late 19th Century. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 99(D7), 14373-14399, 1994.

Serreze, M. C., R. G. Barry, M. C. Rehder, and J. E. Walsh. Variability in Atmospheric Circulation and Moisture Flux Over the Arctic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 352(1699), 215-225 (August 15), 1995b.

Serreze, M. C., J. E . Walsh, F. S. Chapin, III, T. Osterkamp, M. Dyurgerov, V. Romanovsky, W. C. Oechel, J. Morison, T. Zhang, and R. G. Barry. Observational Evidence of Recent Changes in the Northern High-Latitude Environment. Climatic Change, 46, 159-207, 2000.

Thompson, D. W. J. and J. M. Wallace. The Arctic Oscillation Signature in the Wintertime Geopotential Height and Temperature Fields. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 1297-1300, 1998.

Trenberth, K. E. and J. W. Hurrell. Decadal Atmosphere-Ocean Variation in the Pacific. Climate Dynamics, 9(6), 303-319, 1994.

Walker, D. A., et al. A Major Arctic Soil pH Boundary: Implications for Energy and Trace Gas Fluxes. Nature, 394, 469-472, 1998.

Weller, G., A. Lynch, T. Osterkamp, and G. Wendler. Climate Trends and Scenarios, Implications of Global Change in Alaska and the Bering Sea Region: Proceedings of a Workshop, June 3-6 1997, edited by G. A. Weller and P. A. Anderson, Center for Global Change and Arctic System Research, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1998.

US Affiliated Islands -- Atmosphere

Alvarez, R. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Climate Change and Extreme Events Workshop for the US South Atlantic Coastal and Caribbean Region. A regional workshop, hosted by the International Hurricane Center, Florida International University, Miami, November 1998.

Bengtsson, L., M. Botzet, and M. Esch. Numerical Simulation of Intense Tropical Storms. Hurricanes: Climate and Socioeconomic Impacts, edited by H. F. Diaz and R. S. Pulwarty, Springer-Verlag, New York, 292 pp., 1997

Collins, M. The El Niño Southern Oscillation in the Second Hadley Centre Coupled Model and its Response to Greenhouse Warming. Journal of Climate, in press, 2000.

Emanuel, K. A. Thermodynamic Control of Hurricane Intensity, Nature, 401, 665-669, 1999.

Gray, W. M. Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Frequency, Part 1: El Niño and 30 mb Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Influences. Monthly Weather Review, 112, 1649-1668, 1984.

Gray, W. M., J. D. Sheaffer, and C. W. Landsea Climate Trends Associated with Multidecadal Variability of Atlantic Hurricane Activity. Hurricanes: Climate and Socioeconomic Impacts, edited by H. F. Diaz and R. S. Pulwarty, Springer-Verlag, New York, 292 pp., 1997.

Henderson-Sellers, A., et al. Tropical Cyclones and Global Climate Change: A Post-IPCC Assessment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 19-38, 1998.

Knutson, T. R. and S. Manabe. Model Assessment of Decadal Variability and Trends in the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Journal of Climate, 11, 2273-2296, 1998.

Knutson, T. R. and R. E. Tuleya. Increased Hurricane Intensities With CO₂-Induced Warming as Simulated Using the GFDL Hurricane Prediction System. Climate Dynamics, in press, 2000.

Knutson, T. R., R. E. Tuleya, and Y. Kurihara. Simulated Increase of Hurricane Intensities in a CO₂-Warmed Climate. Science, 279, 1018-1020, 1998.

Landsea, C. W., G. D. Bell, W. M. Gray, and S. B. Goldberg. The Extremely Active 1995 Atlantic Hurricane Season: Environmental Conditions and Verification of Seasonal Forecasts. Monthly Weather Review, 126, 1174-1193, 1995.

Landsea, C. W., N. Nicholls, W. M. Gray, and L. A. Avila. Downward Trends in the Frequency of Intense Atlantic Hurricanes During the Past Five Decades. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 1697-1700, 1996.

Landsea, C. W., R. A. Pielke, Jr., A. M. Mestas-Nunez, and J. A. Knaff. Atlantic Basin Hurricanes: Indices of Climatic Changes. Climatic Change, 42, 89-129, 1999.

Leatherman, S. Opening Plenary Session Speaker #3 pg. 16. Proceedings of the Climate Change and Extreme Events Workshop for the US South Atlantic Coastal and Caribbean Region. A regional workshop, hosted by the International Hurricane Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, November 1998.

Leatherman, S. International Hurricane Center, Florida International University, 2000.

(http://www.ihc.fiu.edu/ihc/research/researchagenda.html)

Meehl, G. A. and W. M. Washington. El Niño-Like Climate Change in a Model With Increased Atmospheric CO₂ Concentrations. Nature, 382, 56-60, 1996.

Meehl, G. A., F. Zwiers, J. Evans, T. Knutson, L. Mearns, and P. Whetton. Trends in Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Issues Related to Modeling Extremes in Projections of Future Climate Change. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81(3), 427-436, 2000.

National Hurricane Center. Accessed 21 September 2000.

(http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1995marilyn.html)

Pielke, R. A., Jr. 2000.

(http://www.esig.ucar.edu/HP_roger/sourcebook/hurricane.html)

Timmermann, A., J. Oberhuber, A. Bacher, M. Esch, M. Latif, and E. Roeckner. Increased El Niño Frequency in a Climate Model Forced by Future Greenhouse Warming. Nature, 398, 694-696, 1999.

Walker, L. R., D. J. Lodge, N. V. L. Brokaw, and R. B. Waide. An Introduction to Hurricanes in the Caribbean. Biotropica, 23, 313-316, 1991.

Native Peoples and Homelands -- Atmosphere

Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Edited by J . T., Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 572 pp., 1996a.

Research Sectors of the Report

Water Sector -- Atmosphere

Carnell, R. E. and C. A. Senior. Changes in Mid-Latitude Variability Due to Increasing Greenhouse Gases and Sulphate Aerosols. Climate Dynamics, 4, pp. 369-383, 1998.

Groisman, P. Ya, et al. Changes in the Probability of Heavy Precipitation: Important Indicators of Climate Change. Climatic Change, 42, pp. 243-283, 1999.

Hayden, B. P. Extratropical Storms: Past, Present, and Future. Proceedings of the AWRA Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States, American Water Resources Association, Herndon, VA, pp. 93-96, 1999a.

Hayden, B. P. Climate Change and Extratropical Storminess in the United States: An Assessment. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), pp. 1387-1399, 1999b.

Karl, T. R., R. W. Knight, D. R. Easterling, and R. G. Quayle. Indices of Climate Change for the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77, pp. 279-292, 1996.

Lambert, S. J. The Effect of Enhanced Greenhouse Warming on Winter Cyclone Frequencies and Strengths. Journal of Climate, 8(5), pp. 1447-1452, 1995.

Leung, R. L. and S. J. Ghan. Pacific Northwest Climate Sensitivity Simulated by a Regional Climate Model Driven by a GCM, Part I: Control Simulations. Journal of Climate, 12, pp. 12010-2030, 1999a.

Leung, R. L. and S. J. Ghan. Pacific Northwest Climate Sensitivity Simulated by a Regional Climate Model Driven by a GCM, Part II: 2 × CO₂ Simulations. Journal of Climate, 12, pp. 2031-2053, 1999b.

Health Sector -- Atmosphere

Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidant: Volume I of III. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1996.

Easterling, D. R., et al. Maximum and Minimum Temperature Trends for the Globe. Science, 277, 364-367, 1997.

Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1997.

Jones, P. D., D. M. New, D. E. Parker, S. Martin, and I. G. Rigor. Surface Air Temperature and its Changes Over the Past 150 Years. Review of Geophysics, 37, 173-200, 1999.

Karl, T. R. and R. W. Knight. Secular Trends of Precipitation Amount, Frequency, and Intensity in the USA. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 231-241, 1998.

Karl, T. R., R. W. Knight, D. R. Easterling, and R. G. Quayle. Indices of Climate Change for the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77, 279-303, 1996.

Karl, T. R., R. W. Knight, and N. Plummer. Trends in High-Frequency Climate Variability in the Twentieth Century. Nature, 377(6546), 217-20, 1995.

Kirk-Davidoff, D. B., E. J. Hintsa, J. G. Anderson, and D. W. Keith. The Effect of Climate Change on Ozone Depletion Through Changes in Stratospheric Water Vapour. Nature, 402, 399-401, 1999.

Knutson, T. R. and R. E. Tuleya. Increased Hurricane Intensities With CO₂-Induced Global Warming as Simulated Using the GFDL Hurricane Prediction System. Climate Dynamics, 15, 503-19, 1999.

Landsberg, H. E. The Urban Climate. Academic Press, New York, 1981.

Meehl, G. A, F. Zwiers, J. Evans, T. Knutson, L. Mearns, and P. Whetton, Trends in Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Issues Related to Modeling Extremes in Projections of Future Climate Change. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81, 427-436. 2000b.

Morris, R. E., M. S. Gery, M. K. Liu, G. E. Moore, C. Daly, and S. M. Greenfield. Sensitivity of a Regional Oxidant Model to Variations in Climate Parameters. The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States, edited by J. B. Smith and D. A. Tirpak, US EPA, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington, DC, 1989.

National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Update: 1970-1996. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington, DC, 1997a.

National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Washington, DC, 1998a.

Penner, J. E., P. S. Connell, D. J. Wuebbles, and C. C. Covey. Climate Change and its Interactions With Air Chemistry: Perspective and Research Needs. The potential effects of global climate change on the United States, edited by J. B. Smith and D. A. Tirpak, US EPA, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington, DC, 1989.

Reconciling Observations of Global Temperature Change. National Research Council (NRC), National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 86, 2000.

Robinson, P. The Effects of Climate Change. Global Climate Change Linkages: Acid Rain, Air Quality, and Stratospheric Ozone, edited by J. C. White, Elsevier, New York, 1989.

Shindell, D. T., D. Rind, and P. Lonergan. Increased Polar Stratospheric Ozone Losses and Delayed Eventual Recovery Owing to Increasing Greenhouse-Gas Concentrations. Nature, 392, 589-592, 1998.

Sillman, S. and P. J. Samson. Impact of Temperature on Oxidant Photochemistry in Urban, Polluted, Rural, and Remote Environments. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 11497-508, 1995.

Coastal Areas and Marine Resources Sector -- Atmosphere

Broeker, W. S. Thermohaline Circulation, The Achilles Heel of Our Climate System: Will Man-Made CO₂ Upset the Current Balance? Science, 278, 1582-1588, 1997.

Henderson-Sellers, A., H. Zhang, G. Berz, K. Emanuel, W. Gray, C. Landsea, G. Holland, J. Lighthill, S.-L. Shieh, P. Webster, and K. McGuffie. Tropical Cyclones and Global Climate Change: A Post-IPCC Assessment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79:19-38. 1998.

Karl, T. R., R. W. Knight, and N. Plummer. Trends in High-Frequency Climate Variability in the Twentieth Century. Nature, 377, 217-220, 1995a.

Karl, T. R., R. W. Knight, D. R. Easterling, and R. G. Quayle. Indices of Climate Change for the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77, 279-292, 1995b.

Kerr, E. A. Thermodynamic Control of Hurricane Intensity. Nature, 401, 665-669, 1999.

Knutson, T. R., R. E. Tuleya, and Y. Kurihara. Simulated Increase of Hurricane Intensities in a CO₂-Warmed Climate. Science, 279, 1018-1020, 1998.

Landsea, C. W., N. Nicholls, W. M. Gray and L. A. Avila. Downward Trends in the Frequency of Intense Atlantic Hurricanes During the Past Five Decades. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 1697-1700, 1996.

Taylor, K. Rapid Climate Change. American Scientist, 87, 320-327, 1999.

Timmermann, A., J. Oberhuber, A. Bacher, M. Esch, M. Latif, and E. Roeckner. Increased El Niño Frequency in a Climate Model Forced by Future Greenhouse Warming. Nature, 398, 694-696, 1999.

Wigley, T. M. L. The Science of Climate Change: Global and US Perspectives. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Arlington, Virginia, 1999.

Wood, R. A., A. B. Keen, J. F. B. Mitchell, and J. M. Gregory. Changing Spatial Structure of the Thermohaline Circulation in Response to Atmospheric CO₂ Forcing in a Climate Model. Science, 399, 572-575, 1999.

Zhang, K., et al. East Coast Storm Surges Provide Unique Climate Record. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 78(37), 389, 396-97, 1997.

Forest Sector -- Atmosphere

Boubel, R. W, D. L. Fox, D. B. Turner, and A. C. Stern. Fundamentals of Air Pollution. Academic Press Limited, San Diego, California, 1994.

Emanuel, K. A. Thermodynamic Control of Hurricane Intensity. Nature, 401, (6754), 665-669, 1999.

Etkin, D. A. Beyond the Year 2000, More Tornadoes in Western Canada? Implications from the Historical Record. Natural Hazards, 12, 19-27, 1995.

Henderson-Sellers, A., H. Zhang, G. Berz, K. Emanuel, W. Gray, C. Landsea, G. Holland, J. Lighthill, S-L. Shieh, P. Webster, and K. McGuffie. Tropical Cyclones and Global Climate Change: A Post-IPCC Assessment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 19-38, 1998.

Karl T. R., R. W. Knight, and N. Plummer. Trends in High-Frequency Climate Variability in the Twentieth Century. Nature, 377, 217-220, 1995a.

Karl T. R., R. W. Knight, D. R. Easterling, and R. G. Quayle. Indices of Climate Change for the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77, 279-292, 1995b.

Knutson, T. R., T. R. Tuleya, and Y. Kurihara. Simulated Increase of Hurricane Intensity in a CO₂-Warmed Climate. Science, 279, 1018-1020, 1998.

Knutson, T. R. and R. E. Tuleya. Increased Hurricane Intensities with CO₂-Induced Warming as Simulated Using the GFDL Hurricane Prediction System. Climate Dynamics, 15, 503-519, 1999.

Royer, J. F., F. Chauvin, B. Timbal, P. Araspin, and D. Grimal. A GCM Study of the Impact of Greenhouse Gas Increase on the Frequency of Occurrence of Tropical Cyclones. Climatic Change, 38, 307-343, 1998.

Walsh, K. and A. B. Pittock. Potential Changes in Tropical Storms, Hurricanes, and Extreme Rainfall Events as a Result of Climate Change. Climatic Change, 39, 199-213, 1998.