Southeast Region -- Biosphere

Aber, J. D., C. Driscoll, C. A. Federer, R. Lathrop, G. Lovett, J. M. Melillo, P. Steudler, and J. Vogelmann. A Strategy for the Regional Analysis of the Effects of Physical and Chemical Climate Change on Biogeochemical Cycles in Northeastern (U.S.) Forests. Ecological Modeling, 67, 37-47. 1993.

Burkett, V. and J. Kusler. Climate Change: Potential Impacts and Interactions in Wetlands of the United States. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 36(2), 313-320. 2000.

Cahoon, D. R., J. W. Day, D. J. Reed, and R. S. Young. Global Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise: Estimating the Potential for Submergence of Coastal Wetlands. Vulnerability of Coastal Wetlands in the Southeastern United States: Climate Change Research Results, US Geological Survey, Biological science report USGS/BRD/BSR 1998-0002, pp. 21-34. 1998.

Currie, D. J. Energy and Large-Scale Patterns of Animal- and Plant-Species Richness American Naturalist, 137(1), 27-49. 1991.

Dahl, T. E. Wetland Losses in the United States: 1780's to 1980's. US Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC, 21 pp. 1990.

Hefner, J. M. Southeast Wetlands: Status and Trends, Mid-1970's to Mid-1980's. US Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, Georgia, 32 pp. 1994.

McGowan, J. A., D. R. Cayan, and L. M. Dorman. Climate-Ocean Variability and Ecosystem Response in the Northeast Pacific, Science, 281, 210-217. 1998.

McNulty, S. G., P. L. Lorio, Jr., M. P. Ayres, and J. D. Reeve. Predictions of Southern Pine Beetle Populations Using a Forest Ecosystem Model. The Productivity and Sustainability of Southern Forest Ecosystems in a Changing Environment, edited by R. Mickler and S. Fox, Springer Publishing, pp. 617-634. 1998.

Mulholland, P. J., G. R. Best, C. C. Coutant, G. M. Hornberger, J. L. Meyer, P. J. Robinson, J. R. Stenberg, R. E. Turner, F. Vera-Herra, and R. G. Wetzel. Effects of Climate Change on Freshwater Ecosystems of the Southeastern United States and the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Hydrological Processes, 11, 949-970. 1997.

Nijs, I., I. Impens, and T. Behacghe. Leaf and Canopy Responses of Lolium Perenne to Long-Term Elevated Atmospheric Carbon-Dioxide Concentration, Planta, 177, 312-320. 1988.

Ricketts, T. H., E. Dinerstein, D. M. Olson, and C. Loucks. Who's Where in North America? Patterns of Species Richness and the Utility of Indicator Taxa for Conservation. BioScience, 49(5), 369-381, 1999.

Short, F. T. and H. A. Neckles. The Effects of Global Climate Change on Seagrasses, Aquatic Botany, 63, 169-196. 1999.

Midwest Region -- Biosphere

Botts, L. and B. Krushelnicki. The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. US Environmental Protection Agency and Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, 44 pp. 1987.

Brown, D. G. US National Assessment, Great Lakes Regional Summary Report, Land Ecology. US Global Change Research Program, pp. 51-57. 1999.

Great Lakes and Precambrian Shield Region. Chapter 2, Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America: A Regional Assessment, edited by C. E. Cushing, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, pp. 7-53, 1997. [Papers in this volume were originally published in Hydrological Processes, 11(8), 819-1067, 1997.]

Moll, R. Reports of the Working Groups: Ecosystems Health. Adapting to Climate Change and Variability in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Basin: Proceedings of a Binational Symposium, edited by L. D. Mortsch, S. Quon, L. Craig, B. Mills, and B. Wrenn , Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario. 1998.

Mortsch, L. D. Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on the Great Lakes Shoreline Wetlands. Climatic Change, 40, 391-416. 1998.

Regional Ecosystem Analysis, Puget Sound Metropolitan Area. Final Report, Urban Forestry Center, American Forests, 8 pp. 1998.

(http://www.amfor.org/ufc/uea/report.html)

Robinson, S. K. The Case of the Missing Songbirds. Consequences, 3, 2-15. 1997.

Sadof, C. and M. Raupp. Biological Controls in the Urban Forest. Midwest Biol Cont. News, 5(12), 1-5. 1999.

Secrest, H. C., H. J. Mac Aloney, and R. C. Lorenz. Causes of the Decadence of Hemlock at the Menominee Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, Journal of Forestry, 39, 3-12. 1941.

Wong, K. A Pixel is Worth 1000 Words: Satellite Images Reveal Startling Tree Loss in American Cities. US News and World Report. July 19, 1999.

Great Plains Region -- Biosphere

Bethke, R. W. and T. D. Nudds. Effects of Climate Change and Land Use on Duck Abundance in Canadian Prairie-Park Lands. Ecological Applications, 5, 588-600. 1995.

Burke, I. C., T. G. F. Kittel, W. K. Lauenroth, P. Snook, C. M. Yonker, and W. J. Parton. Regional Analysis of the Central Great Plains: Sensitivity to Climate Variability. BioScience, 41, 685-692, 1990.

Larson, D. L. Potential Effects of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases on Avian Habitats and Populations in the Northern Great Plains. American Midland Naturalist, 131, 330-346. 1994.

Mack, M. C. and C. M. D'Antonio. Impacts of Biological Invasions on Disturbance Regimes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 13, 195-198. 1998.

Ostlie, W. R., R. E. Schneider, J. M. Aldrich, T. M. Faust, R. L. B. McKim, S. J. Chaplin. The Status of Biodiversity in the Great Plains. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia. 1997.

Schimel, D. S., W. J. Parton, T. G. F. Kittel, D. S. Ojima, and C. V. Cole. Grassland Biogeochemistry: Links to Atmospheric Processes. Climate Change, 17, 13-25. 1990.

Schimel, D. S., T. G. F. Kittel, and W. J. Parton. Terrestrial Biogeochemical Cycles: Global Interactions with the Atmosphere and Hydrology. Tellus, 43AB, 188-203. 1991a.

Schimel, D. S., T. G. F. Kittel, A. K. Knapp, T. R. Seastedt, W. J. Parton, and V. B. Brown. Physiological Interactions Along Resource Gradients in a Tallgrass Prairie. Ecology, 72, 672-684. 1991b.

Sorenson, L. G., R. Goldberg, T. L. Root, and M. G. Anderson. Potential Effects of Global Warming on Waterfowl Populations Breeding in the Northern Great Plains. Climatic Change, 40, 343-369. 1998.

Stohlgren, T. J., K. A. Bull, Y. Otsuki, C. A. Villa, and L. Lee. Riparian Zones as Havens for Exotic Plant Species in the Central Grasslands. Plant Ecology, 138, 113-125. 1998.

Stohlgen, T. J., D. Binkley, G. W. Chong, M. A. Kalkhan, L. D. Schell, K. A. Bull, Y. Otsuki, G. Newman, M. Bashkin, and Y. Son. Exotic Plants Species Invade Hot Spots of Native Plant Diversity. Ecological Monographs, 69, 25-46. 1999.

VEMAP members. Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project: Comparing Biogeography and Biogeochemistry Models in a Continental-Ccale Study of Terrestrial Ecosystem Responses to Climate Change and CO₂ Doubling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9, 477-437. 1995.

Vitousek, P. M., C. M. D'Antinio, L. L. Loope, and R. Westbrooks. Biological Invasions as Global Environmental Change. American Scientist, 84, 468-478. 1996.

Westbrooks, R. G. Invasive Plants: Changing the Landscape of America: Fact Book. Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds, Washington, DC. 1998.

West Region -- Biosphere

Chapin, F. S., et al. Consequences of Change Biodiversity. Nature, 405, 234-242. 2000.

Galbraith, H., D. Park, R. Jones, J. Clough, B. Harrington, S. Herrod-Julius, and G. Page. Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise Due to Global Climate Change on Migratory Shorebird Populations at Coastal Sites in North America. Report to US Environmental Protection Agency, Stratus Consulting Inc., Boulder, Colorado. Draft of April 19, 2000.

Grimm, N. B., A. Chacon, C. N. Dahm, S. W. Hostetler, O. T. Lind, P. L. Starkweather, and W. W. Wurtsbaugh. Sensitivity of Aquatic Ecosystems to Climatic and Anthropogenic Changes: The Basin and Range, American Southwest and Mexico, Hydrologic Processes, 11, 1023-1041. 1997.

Hansen, A. J., R. P. Neilson, V. Dale, C. Flather, L. Iverson, D. J. Currie, S. Shafer, R. Cook, and P. J. Bartlein. Global Change in Forests: Responses of Species, Communities, and Biomes, BioScience, in press. 2000.

Kattlemann, R. and M. Embury. Riparian Areas and Wetlands, Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, Volume III, Assessments, Commissioned Reports, and Background Information. Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, University of California, Davis. 1996.

Listed Species by State and Territory, US Fish and Wildlife Service. Accessed March 17, 1999.

(http://www.fws.gov/r9endspp/listmap.html)

Meyer, J. L., M. J. Sale, P. J. Mulholland, and N. L. Poff. Impacts of Climate Change on Aquatic Ecosystem Functioning and Health. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1373-1386. 1999.

Murphy, D. D. and S. B. Weiss. Effects of Climate Change on Biological Diversity in Western North America: Species Losses and Mechanisms. Global Warming and Biological Diversity, edited by R. L. Peters and T. E. Lovejoy, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, pp. 355-368. 1992.

Myers, N., R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. B. da Fonseca, and J. Kent. Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities, Nature, 403, 853-858. 2000.

National Park Service (NPS). March 17, 1999.

(http://www.nps.gov/grca/)

Neilson, R. P. and R. J. Drapek. Potentially Complex Biosphere Responses to Transient Global Warming. Global Change Biology, 4, 505-521, 1998.

Parmesan, C. Climate and Species' Range, Nature, 382, 765-766, 1996.

Sagarin, R. D., J. P. Barry, S. E. Gilman, and C. H. Baxter. Climate Related Changes in an Intertidal Community Over Short and Long Time Scales. Ecological Monographs, 69, 465-490.

Tausch, R. J., C. L. Nowak, and R. S. Nowak. Climate Change and Plant Species Responses Over the Quaternary: Implications for Ecosystems Management. Interior West Global Change Workshop, edited by R. W. Tinus, General Technical Report RM-GTR-262, USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. 1995.

The Nature Conservancy, Accessed March 17, 1999.

(http://www.consci.tnc.org/library/pubs/rptcard/map.html)

VEMAP Tables of Means and Variances. National Center for Atmospheric Research. October 11, 1999.

(http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/naco/vemap/vemtab.html)

Walker, B. and W. Steffen. An Overview of the Implications of Global Change for Natural and Managed Terrestrial Ecosystems, Conservation Ecology, 1(2). 1997.

(http://www.consecol.org/Journal/vol1/iss2/art2/)

Yoshiyama, R. M., E. R. Gerstung, F. W. Fisher, and P. B. Moyle. Historical and Present Distribution of Chinook Salmon in the Central Valley Drainage of California. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, Volume III, Assessments, Commissioned Reports, and Background Information, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, University of California, Davis. 1996.

Pacific Northwest Region -- Biosphere

Agee, J. K. Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests. Island Press, Washington, DC, 1993.

Bachelet, D., M. Brugnack, and R. P. Neilson. Sensitivity of a Biogeography Model to Soil Properties. Ecological Modeling, 109, 77-98, 1998.

Baker, P. F., T. P. Speed, and F. K. Ligon. Estimating the Influence of Temperature on the Survival of Chinook Salmon Smolts Migrating Through the Sacramento San Joaquin River Delta of California, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52, 855-863, 1995.

Baker, W. L. Long-Term Response of Disturbance Landscapes to Human Intervention and Global Change. Landscape Ecology, 10, 143-159, 1989.

Beechie, T., E. Beamer, and L. Wasserman. Estimating Coho Salmon Rearing Habitat and Smolt Production Losses in a Large River Basin, and Implications for Habitat Restoration, North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 14, 797-811, 1994.

Bottom, D. L. Restoring Salmon Ecosystems: Myth and Reality. Restoration and Management Notes, 13, 162-170, 1995.

Bury, R. B. Vertebrates in the Pacific Northwest: Species Richness, Endemism, and Dependency on Old-Growth Forests. Biological Diversity: Problems and Challenges, edited by S. K. Majumdar, F. J. Brenner, J. E. Lovich, J. F. Schalles, and E. W. Miller, pp. 392-404, Pennsylvania Academy of Science, Easton, Pennsylvania, 1994.

Carter, M. F. and K. Barker. An Interactive Database for Setting Conservation Priorities for Western Neotropical Migrants. Status and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds, edited by D. M. Finch and P. W. Stangel, US Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-229, pp. 120-144, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ft. Collins, Colorado, 1993.

Daly C, D. Bachelet J. M. Lenihan, R. P. Neilson, W. Parton and D. Ojima. Dynamic Simulation of Tree-Grass Interactions for Global Change Studies. Ecological Applications, 10(2), 449-469, 2000

Detling, L. E. Relic Islands of Xeric Flora West of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon. Madrono, 12, 39-47, 1953.

Detling, L. E. Historical Background of the Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Bulletin No. 13, Museum of Natural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 1968.

Emmett, R. L. and R. D. Brodeur. Recent Changes in the Pelagic Nekton Community off Oregon and Washington in Relation to Some Physical Oceanographic Conditions. North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission, Bull. No. 2, in press, 2000.

Feist, B. E. and C. A. Simenstad. Expansion Rates and Recruitment Frequency of Exotic Smooth Cordgrass, (Spartina alterniflora) (Loisel) Colonizing Unvegetated Littoral Flats in Willapa Bay, Washington. Estuaries, 23(2), 268-275, 2000.

Francis, R. C. Sustainable Use of Salmon: Its Effects on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Harvesting Wild Species -- Implications for Biodiversity Conservation, edited by C. H. Freeze, pp. 626-670, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1997.

Francis, R. C., S. R. Hare, A. B. Hollowed, and W. S. Wooster. Effects of Interdecadal Climate Variability on the Oceanic Ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific. Fisheries Oceanography, 7, 1-21, 1998.

Franklin, J. F. and C. T. Dyrness. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon, 1973.

Franklin, J. F. and R. T. T. Forman. Creating Landscape Patterns by Forest Cutting: Ecological Consequences and Principles. Landscape Ecology, 1, 5-18, 1987.

Franklin, J. F., W. H. Moir, G. W. Douglas, and C. Wiberg. Invasion of Subalpine Meadows by Trees in the Cascade Range. Arctic and Alpine Research, 3, 215-224, 1971.

Gardner, R. H., W. W. Hargrove, M. G. Turner, and W. H. Romme. Climate Change, Disturbances, and Landscape Dynamics. Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems, edited by B. Walker and W. Steffen, pp. 149-172, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1996.

Gholz, H. L. Environmental Limits on Aboveground Net Primary Production, Leaf Area, and Biomass in Vegetation Zones of the Pacific Northwest. Ecology, 63, 469, 1982.

Hargreaves, B. N. Early Ocean Survival of Salmon off British Columbia and Impacts of the 1983 and 1991-1995 El Niño Events. Estuarine and Ocean Survival of Northeast Pacific Salmon: Proceedings of the Workshop, edited by R. L. Emmett and M. H. Schiewe, pp., 197-211, NOAA Tech. Memo., NMFS-NWFSC-29, Seattle, Washington, 1997.

Larsson, S. Stressful Times for the Plant Stress-Insect Performance Hypothesis. Oikos, 56, 277-283, 1989.

Law, B. E., R. H. Waring, P. M. Anthoni, and J. D. Abers. Measurements of Gross and Net Ecosystem Productivity and Water Vapor Exchange of a Pinus Ponderosa Ecosystem, and an Evaluation of Two Generalized Models. Global Change Biology, 5, 1-15, 1999.

Mac, M. J., P. A. Opler, C. E. Puckett Haecker, and P. D. Doran (Eds.). Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources. US Geological Survey, US Department of the Interior, Biological Resources Division, Reston, Virginia, 1998.

McCullough, D. A. A Review and Synthesis of Effects of Alterations to the Water Temperature Regime on Freshwater Life Stages of Salmonids, with Special Reference to Chinook Salmon. EPA Region 10 Report 910-R-99-010, July 1999.

McKenzie, D., D. L. Peterson, and E. Alvarado. Predicting the Effect of Fire on Large-Scale Vegetation Patterns in North America. USDA Forest Service Research Paper PNW-489, Fort Collins, Colorado, 1996.

Mooney, H. A., J. Canadell, F. S. Chapin, III, J. R. Ehleringer, C. H. Korner, R. E. McMurtrie, W. J. Parton, L. F. Pitelka, and E.-D. Schulze. Ecosystem Physiology Responses to Global Change. The Terrestrial Biosphere and Global Change: Implications for Managed and Unmanaged Ecosystems, edited by B. Walker, W. Steffen, J. Canadell, and J. Ingram, pp. 141-189, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1999.

Morse, L. E., J. T. Kartesz, and L. S. Kutner. Native Vascular Plants. Our Living Resources: A report to the Nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of US plants, animals, and ecosystems, edited by E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, M. J. Mac, US National Biological Service, Washington, DC, 1995.

Neilson, R. P. and R. J. Drapek. Potentially Complex Biosphere Responses to Transient Global Warming. Global Change Biology, 4, 101-117, 1998.

Neilson R. P., I. C. Prentice, B. Smith, T. G. F. Kittel, and D. Viner. Simulated Changes in Vegetation Distribution Under Global Warming. The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability, edited by R. T. Watson, M. C. Zinyowera, R. H. Moss, and D. J. Dokken, pp. 439-456, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1998. National Research Council, Upstream, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1996.

Noss, R. F., E. T. LaRoe, III, and J. M. Scott. Endangered Ecosystems of the United States: A Preliminary Assessment of Loss and Degradation. National Biological Service Biological Report 28, Washington, DC, 58 pp., 1995.

Parsons, G. L., G. Cassis, A. R. Moldenke, J. D. Lattin, N. H. Anderson, J. C. Miller, P. Hammond, and T. D. Schowalter. Invertebrates of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Western Cascade Range, Oregon, Part V: An Annotated List of Insects and Other Arthropods. US Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-290, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon, 168 pp., 1991.

Pearcy, W. G. Ocean Ecology of North Pacific Salmonids. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, 1992.

Pinnix, W. Climate and Puget Sound. JISAO/SMA Year 3 Report, Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 1998.

Price, P. W. The Plant Vigor Hypothesis and Herbivore Attack. Oikos, 62, 244-251, 1991.

Quinn, T. P. and D. J. Adams. Environmental Changes Affecting the Migratory Timing of American Shad and Sockeye Salmon. Ecology, 77, 1151-1162, 1996.

Reeves, G. H., F. H. Everest, and T. E. Nickelson. Identification of Physical Habitats Limiting the Production of Coho Salmon in Western Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-245, US Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon, 1989.

Ryan, K. C. Vegetation and Wildland Fire: Implications of Global Climate Change. Environment International, 17, 169-178, 1991.

Swetnam, T. W. and J. L. Betancourt. Meso-Scale Disturbance and Ecological Response to Decadal Climate Variability in the American Southwest. Journal of Climate, 11, 3218-3247, 1998.

Swetnam, T. W. and A. M. Lynch. Multicentury Regional-Scale Patterns of Western Spruce Budworm Outbreaks. Ecological Monographs, 63, 399-422, 1993.

Torn, M. S. and J. S. Fried. Predicting the Impacts of Global Warming on Wildland Fire. Climate Change, 21, 257-274, 1992.

Thomson, A. R., R. F. Sheperd, J. W. E. Harris, and R. J. Silversides. Relating Weather to Outbreaks of Western Spruce Budworm in British Columbia. Canadian Entomologist, 116, 375-381, 1984.

VEMAP Members, Vegetation/ecosystem modeling and analysis project. Comparing Biogeography and Biogeochemistry Models in a Continental-Scale Study of Terrestrial Ecosystem Responses to Climate Change and CO₂ Doubling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 4, 407-437 1995.

Weaver, J. L., P. C. Paquet, and L. F. Ruggiero. Resilience and Conservation of Large Carnivores in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology, 10, 964-976, 1996.

West, N. E. and M. A. Hassan. Recovery of Sage-Brush-Grass Vegetation Following Wildfire. Journal of Range Management, 38, 131-134, 1985.

Zobel, D. B., A. McKee, G. M. Hawk, and C. T. Dyrness. Relationships of Environment to Composition, Structure, and Diversity of Forest Communities of the Central Western Cascades of Oregon. Ecological Monographs, 46, 135, 1976.

Alaska -- Biosphere

Bjorn, L. O., T. V. Callaghan, C. Gehrke, D. Gwynne Jones, B. Holmgren, U. Johanson, and M. Sonesson. Effects of Enhanced UV-B radiation on Sub-Arctic Vegetation. Ecology of Arctic Environments, edited by S. J. Woodin, and M. Marquiss, Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 241-253, 1997.

Brodeur, R. D., B. W. Frost, S. R. Hare, R. C. Francis, and W. J. Ingraham. Interannual Variations in Zooplankton Biomass in the Gulf of Alaska, and Covariation with California Current Zooplankton Biomass. CalCOFI Report 37, 80-89, 1996.

Callaghan, T. V., C. Korner, S. E. Lee, and J. H. C. Cornelison. Part 1: Scenarios for Ecosystem Responses to Global Change. Global Change in Europe's Cold Regions, edited by O. W. Heal, T. V. Callaghan, J. H. C. Cornelissen, C. Korner and S. E. Lee, pp. 11-63, European Commission Ecosystems Research Report 27, Luxembourg, 1998.

Chapin, F. S., III, G. R. Shaver, A. E. Giblin, K. J. Nadelhoffer, and J. A. Laundre. Responses of Arctic Tundra to Experimental and Observed Changes in Climate, Ecology, 76(3), 694-711, 1995.

Chapin, F. S., III, and A. M. Starfield. Time Lags and Novel Ecosystems in Response to Transient Climatic Change in Arctic Alaska. Climatic Change, 35, 449-461, 1997.

Estes, J. A., M. T. Tinker, T. M. Williams, and D. F. Doak. Killer Whale Predation on Sea Otters Linking Oceanic and Nearshore Ecosystems. Science, 282, 473-476, 1998.

Fay, F. H. The Role of Ice in the Ecology of Marine Mammals of the Bering Sea. Oceanography of the Bering Sea, edited by D. W. Hoos and E. J. Kelley, University of Alaska Institute of Marine Sciences, Occasional Publication No. 2, 1974.

Fleming, R. A. and J-N Candau. Influences of Climatic Change on Some Ecological Processes of an Insect Outbreak System in Canada's Boreal Forests and the Implications for Biodiversity. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 49, 235-249, 1997.

Fleming, R. A. and J. A. Volney. Effects of Climate Change on Insect Defoliator Population Processes in Canada's Boreal Forest: Some Plausible Scenarios. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 82, 445-454, 1995.

Francis, R. C., S. R. Hare, A. B. Hollowed, and W. S. Wooster. Effects of Interdecadal Climate Variability on the Oceanic Ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific. Fisheries Oceanography, 7, 1-21, 1998.

Gorham, E. The Biogeochemistry of Northern Peatlands and its Possible Responses to Global Warming. Biotic feedback in the global climatic system: Will the warming feed the warming? edited by G. M. Woodwell and F. T. MacKenzie, pp. 169-187, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1995.

Gunn, A. Responses of Arctic Ungulates to Climatic Change. Human Ecology and Climate Change, edited by D. L. Peterson and D. R. Johnson, pp. 90-104, Taylor and Francis, Washington DC, 1995.

Hall, J. V., W. E. Freyer, and B. O. Wilen. Status of Alaska Wetlands Alaska Region. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska, 1994.

Keeling, C. D., J. F. S. Chin, and T. P. Whorf. Increased Activity of Northern Vegetation Inferred from Atmospheric CO₂ Measurements. Nature, 382(6587), 146-149, 1996.

Lowry, L. F. and F. H. Fay. Seal Eating by Walruses in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. Polar Biology, 3, 11-18, 1984.

Marasco, R. J. and W. Arom. Explosive Evolution: The Changing Alaska Groundfish Fishery. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 4(4), 299-315, 1991.

Meehan, R., V. Byrd, G. Divoky, and J. Piatt. Implications of Climate Change for Alaska's Seabirds. Proceedings of a workshop, Assessing the consequences of climate change for Alaska and the Bering Sea region, Fairbanks, 29-30 October 1998, edited by G. Weller and P. A. Anderson, Center for Global Change and Arctic System Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1999.

Melillo, J. M., I. C. Prentice, G. D. Farquhar, E.-D Schulze, and O. E. Sala. Terrestrial Biotic Responses to Environmental Change and Feedbacks to Climate, Chapter 9. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1996.

Myneni, R. B., C. D. Keeling, C. J. Tucker, G. Asrar, and R. R. Nemani. Increased Plant Growth in the Northern High Latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature, 386, 698-702, 1997.

Neilson, R. P., I. C. Prentice, B. Smith, T. G. F. Kittel, and D. Viner. Simulated Changes in Vegetation Distribution Under Global Warming, Annex C. The regional impacts of climate change: An assessment of vulnerability, Special Report of IPCC Working Group 2, edited by R. T. Watson, M. C. Zinyowera, R. H. Moss, and D. J. Dokken, pp. 439-456, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1998.

Oechel, W. C., A. C. Cook, S. J. Hastings, and G. L. Vourlitis. Effects of CO₂ and Climate Change on Arctic Ecosystems. Ecology of Arctic Environments, edited by S. J. Woodin and M. Marquiss, Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 255-273, 1997b.

Piatt, J. F. and P. Anderson. Response of Common Murres to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill and Long-Term Changes in the Gulf of Alaska Marine Ecosystem. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 18, 720-737, 1996.

Rupp, T. S., F. S. Chapin, III, and A. M. Starfield. Response of Sub-Arctic Vegetation to Transient Climatic Change on the Seward Peninsula in Northwest Alaska. Global Change Biology, 6(5), 541-555, 2000.

Skinner, W. R., B. J. Stocks, D. L. Martell, B. Bonsal, and A. Shabbar. The Association Between Circulation Anomalies in the Mid-Troposphere and Area Burned by Wildland Fire in Canada. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 63(1-2), 89-105, 1999.

Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources. US Geological Service, Biological Resources Division, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1999.

Stirling, I., N. J. Lunn, and J. Iacozza. Long-Term Trends in the Population Ecology of Polar Bears in Western Hudson Bay in Relation to Climate Change. Arctic, 52, 294-306, 1999.

Stocks, B. J., M. A. Fosberg, T. J. Lynham, L. Mearns, B. M. Wotton, Q. Yang, J-Z. Jin, K. Lawrence, G. R. Hartley, J. A. Mason, and D. W. McKenney. Climate Change and Forest Fire potential in Russian and Canadian boreal forests. Climatic Change, 38(1), 1-13, 1998.

The Bering Sea Ecosystem. NRC (National Research Council), Committee on the Bering Sea Ecosystem, Polar Research Board, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1996.

Viljhamsson, H. Climatic Variations and Some Examples of Their Effects on the Marine Ecology of Icelandic and Greenland Waters, In Particular During the Present Century. Journal of the Marine Research Institute, Reykjavik, 15(1), 9-29, 1997.

Volney, W. J. A. Climate change and Management of Insects Defoliators in Boreal Forest Ecosystems. Forest Ecosystems, Forest Management, and the Global Carbon Cycle, edited by M. J. Apps and D. T. Price, NATO ASI Series I (Global Environmental Change), Vol. 40, Springer-Verlag Academic Publishers, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 79-88, 1996.

Walsh, J. E. Climate Change: The Arctic as a Bellwether. Nature, 352(6330), 19-20 (July 4), 1991.

Weller, G. A. and P. A. Anderson (Eds.). Implications of Global Change in Alaska and the Bering Sea Region. Proceedings of a Workshop, June 3-6 1997, Center for Global Change and Arctic System Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1998.

Weller, G. A. and M. Lange (Eds.). Impacts of Global Change in the Arctic Regions. Report from a workshop, Tromso Norway, 25-26 April, International Arctic Science Committee, 1999.

US Affiliated Islands -- Biosphere

Carlquist, S. Hawaii: A Natural History. Published by Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii, 1980

Coral Bleaching, Coral Mortality, and Global Climate Change. US Department of State. Cited on 2000 May 16.

(http://www.state.gov/www/global/global_issues/coral_reefs/990305_coralreef_rpt.html)

Fritts, T. H. The Brown Tree Snake of Guam: Fact Sheet. USGS, 1999.

(http://159.189.24.10/btreesnk.htm)

Fritts, T. H. and G. H. Rodda. Invasions of the Brown Tree Snake. Our Living Resources: A Report on the Distribution, Abundance, and Health of US Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems, edited by E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, pp. 454-456, US Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, DC, 1995

Glynn, P. Coral Reef Bleaching: Facts, Hypotheses, and Implications. Global Change Biology, 2, 495-509, 1996.

Glynn, P. W. and W. H. de Weerdt. Elimination of Two Reef-Building Hydrocorals Following the 1982-1983 El Niño Warming Event. Science, 253(5015), 69-71, 1991.

Harrison, C. S. Seabirds of Hawaii: Natural History and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 249 pp., 1990.

Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk (HEAR) Project. US Geological Survey (USGS), 2000.

(http://www.hear.org/)

Holt, R. A. An Alliance of Biodiversity, Health, Agriculture, and Business Interests for Improved Alien Species Management in Hawaii. Invasive Species and Biodiversity Management, edited by O. T. Sandlund, P. J. Schei, and A. Viken, pp. 65-78, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1998.

Lobban, C. S. and M. Schefter. Tropical Pacific Island Environments. University of Guam Press, Mangilao, Guam, US, 399 pp., 1997.

Loope, L. L. Hawaii and Pacific Islands. Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources, edited by M. J. Mac, P. A. Opler, C. E. Puckett Haecker, and P. D. Doran, pp. 747-774, US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 1998.

Loope, L. L. and D. Mueller-Dombois. Characteristics of Invaded Islands. Ecology of Biological Invasions: A Global Synthesis, edited by H. A. Mooney, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom, pp. 257-280, 1989.

Loope, L. L., 2000.

(http://www.hear.org/MiconiaInHawaii/MiconiaSummaryByLLL.htm)

Markham, A. (Ed.). Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Tropical Forest Ecosystems. Climatic Change, 39, 1-603, 1998.

Meyer, J.-Y. and J. Florence. Tahiti's Native Flora Endangered by the Invasion of Miconia Calvescens DC. (Melastomataceae). Journal of Biogeography, 23, 775-781, 1997.

Mueller-Dombois, D. and F. R. Fosberg. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer-Verlag, New York, 733 pp., 1998.

Pounds, J. A., M. P. L. Fogden, and J. H. Campbell. Biological Response to Climate Change on a Tropical Mountain. Nature, 398, 611-615, 1999.

Scatena, F. N. and M. C. Larsen. Physical Aspects of Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico. Biotropica, 23, 317-323, 1991.

Snedaker, S. C. Impact on Mangroves. Climatic Change in the Inter-Americas Sea, edited by G. A. Maul, United Nations Environment Programme and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Edward Arnold, London, United Kingdom, pp. 282-305, 1993.

Wiley, J. W. and F. J. Vilella. Caribbean Islands. Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources, edited by M. J. Mac, P. A. Opler, C. E. Puckett Haecker, and P. D. Doran, pp. 315-349, US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 1998.

Zack, Allen, and M. C. Larsen. Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands: Research & Exploration. National Geographic Society, Water Issue, 9, 126-134, 1993.

Native Peoples and Homelands -- Biosphere

Arias Rojo, H., J. Bredehoeft, R. Lacewell, J. Price, J. Stromberg, and G. Thomas. Sustaining and Enhancing Riparian Migratory Bird Habitat on the Upper San Pedro River. Expert Report prepared for the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Montreal, Canada, 1999.

Gibson, M. A. and S. B. Schullinger. Answers From the Ice Edge: The Consequences of Climate Change on Life in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. Arctic Network and Greenpeace USA pamphlet, 32 pp., June, 1998.

(http://www.globalchange.org/monitall/98apr6.htm)

Groot, C. and T. P. Quinn. Homing Migration of Sockeye Salmon to the Fraser River. Fisheries Bulletin, 85, 455-469, 1987.

Huntington, H. P. Impacts of Changes in Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic. Proceedings of the Workshop on Impacts of Changes in Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic, Girdwood, Alaska, February 15-17, 2000, Marine Mammal Commission, Washingtonn, DC, in press, 2000.

LaDuke, W. Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Futures. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, 5, 127, 1994.

McKinnell, S., H. J. Freeland, and S. D. Grouix. Assessing the Northern Diversion of Sockeye Salmon Returning to the Fraser River. Fisheries Oceanography, 8, 104-114, 1999.

Price, J. Climate Change, Birds, and Ecosystems - Why Should We Care? Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecosystem Health, Sacramento, CA, in press, August 1999.

Price, J. Modeling the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Summer Distribution of Michigan's Nongame Birds. Michigan Birds and Natural History, 7, 3-13, 2000.

Sorenson, L., R. Goldberg, T. L. Root, and M. G. Anderson. Potential Effects of Global Warming on Waterfowl Populations Breeding in the Northern Great Plains. Climatic Change, 40, 343-369, 1998.

Tynan, C. T. and D. P. Demaster. Observations and Predictions of Arctic Climate Change: Potential Effects on Marine Mammals. Arctic, 50, 308-322, 1997.

Research Sectors of the Report

Agriculture Sector -- Biosphere

Patterson D. T., J. K. Westbrook, R. J. V. Joyce, and P. D. Lindgren. Weeds, Insects, and Diseases. Climatic Change, 43(4), 711-727, 1999.

Water Sector -- Biosphere

Confronting Climate Change in California: Ecological Impacts on the Golden State. Union of Concerned Scientists and the Ecological Society of America, UCS Publications, Cambridge, 62 pp., November 1999.

Herrmann, R., L. Scherbarth, and R. Stottlemyer Save the Wolves, Lose the Watersheds: Environmental Aspects of Water Use in the United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1999.

Kusler, J. and V. Burkett. Climate Change in Wetlands Areas Part I: Potential Impacts and Interactions. Acclimations, June 1999.

(http://www.nacc.usgcrp.gov/newsletter/1999.06/wet.html)

Meyer, J. L., M. J. Sale, P. J. Mulholland, and N. L. Poff. Impacts of Climate Change on Aquatic Ecosystem Functioning and Health. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), pp. 1373-1386, 1999.

Winter, T. C. The Vulnerability of Wetlands to Climate Change: A Hydrologic Landscape Perspective. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1999.

Health Sector -- Biosphere

Reeves, W. C., J. L. Hardy, W. K. Reisen, and M. M. Wilby. Potential Effect of Global Warming on Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses. Journal of Medical Entomology, 31(3), 323-32, 1994.

Reisen, W. K., H. D. Lothrop, and J. L. Hardy. Bionomics of Culex Tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Relation to Arbovirus Transmission in Southeastern California. Journal of Medical Entomology, 32(3), 316-27, 1995.

Reiter, P. Weather, Vector Biology, and Arboviral Recrudescence. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, edited by T. P. Monath, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 245-255, 1988.

Valiela, I. Marine Ecological Processes. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984.

Yates, M. L. and S. R. Yates. Modeling Microbial Fate in the Subsurface Environment. Critical Reviews of Environmental Control, 17(4), 307-44, 1988.

Coastal Areas and Marine Resources Sector -- Biosphere

Boesch, B. F., M. N. Josselyn, A. J. Mehta, J. T. Morris, W. K. Nuttle, C. A. Simenstad, and D. J. P. Swift. Scientific Assessment of Coastal Wetland Loss, Restoration, and Management in Louisiana. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, 20, 1994.

Buddemeier, R. W. and S. V. Smith. Coral Adaptation and Acclimatization: A Most Ingenious Paradox. American Zoologist, 39(1), 66-79, 1999.

Costanza, R., et al. The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital. Nature, 387, 253-260, 1997.

Gattuso, J. P., D. Allemand, and M. Frankignoulle. Photosynthesis and Calcification at Cellular, Organismal, and Community Levels in Coral Reefs: A Review on Interactions and Control by the Carbonate Chemistry. American Zoologist, 39(1), 160-183, 1999.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Climate Change, Coral Bleaching, and the Future of the World's Coral Reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research, 50(8), 839-866, 1999.

Holt, G. Marlin Hooked in State's 'Tropical' Waters. Seattle Post Intelligencer, p. C1, Friday, September 5, 1997.

Jobling, M. Temperature and Growth: Modulation of Growth Rate via Temperature Change. Global Warming: Implications for Marine and Freshwater Fish, edited by C. M. Wood and D. G. MacDonald, pp. 225-253, Cambridge University Press. 1996.

Justic, D., N. N. Rabalais, and R. E. Turner. Effects of Climate Change on Hypoxia in Coastal Waters: A Doubled CO₂ Scenario for the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Limnology and Oceanography, 41, 992-1003, 1996.

Kleypas, J. A., R. W. Buddemeier, D. Archer, J. P. Gattuso, C. Langdon, and B. N. Opdyke. Geochemical Consequences of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Coral Reefs. Science, 284(2), 118-120, 1999a.

Lluch-Belda, D. S., H. Vasquez, D. B. Lluch-Cota, C. A. Salinas-Zavela, and R. A. Schwartzlose. The Recovery of the California Sardine as Related to Global Change. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports, 33, 50-59, 1992.

Macklin, S. A. Report on the Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations International Workshop on Recent Conditions in the Bering Sea. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ERL. Contribution No. 2044 from NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Contribution B358 from Fisheries-Oceanography Coordinated Investigations. 1999.

Markham, A. Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystems: A Review of Implications for Policymakers and Conservation Biologists. Climate Research, 6(2), 179-191, 1996.

Mathews-Amos, A. and E. A. Berntson. Turning Up the Heat: How Global Warming Threatens Life in the Sea. Marine Conservation Biology Institute, 1999.

(http://www.mcbi.org/)

McGowan, J. A., D. R. Cayan, and L. M. Dorman. Climate, Ocean Variability, and Ecosystem Response in the Northeast Pacific. Science, 281, 210-217, 1998.

Mitsch, W. J. and J. G. Gosslink. Wetlands: Second Edition. Van Norstrand Reinhold, New York, 1993.

Murowski, S. A. Climate Change and Marine Fish Distributions: Forecasting from Historical Analogy. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 122, 657-658, 1993

Rabalais, N. N., R. E. Turner, D. Justic, Q. Dortch, and W. J. Wiseman, Jr. Characterization of Hypoxia. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 15, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 1999.

Reid, W. V. and M. C. Trexler. Responding to Potential Impacts of Climate Change on US Coastal Biodiversity. Coastal Management, 20( 2), 117-142, 1992.

Rice, J. Food Web Theory, Marine Food Webs, and What Climate Change May Do to Northern Marine Fish Populations. Climate Change and Northern Fish Populations, edited by R. J. Beamish, Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 121, 1995.

Sagarin, R. D., J. P. Barry, S. E. Gilman, and C. H. Baxter. Climate-Related Change in an Intertidal Community Over Short and Long Time Scales. Ecological Monographs, 69(4), 465-490, 1999.

Veron, J. E. N. Corals in Space and Time. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1995.

Welch, D. W., Y. Ishida, and K. Nagasawa. Thermal Limits and Ocean Migrations of Sockeye Salmon (Onchorhynchus nerka): Long Term Consequences of Global Warming. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55, 937-948, 1998.

Wilkinson, C., O. Linden, H. Cesar, G. Hodgson, J. Rubens, and A. E. Strong. Ecological and Socioeconomic Impacts of 1998 Coral Mortality in the Indian Ocean: An ENSO Impact and a Warning of Future Change? Ambio, 28(2), 188-196, 1999.

Wilkinson, C. R. and R. W. Buddemeier. Global Climate Change and Coral Reefs: Implications for People and Reefs. Report of the UNEP-IOC-ASPEI-IUCN Global Task Team on the Implications of Climate Change on Coral Reefs, International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Gland, Switzerland, 1994.

Wong, J. Thousands of Seals, Sea Lions Starving. Seattle Times, pp. A8, Thursday, December 11, 1997.

Forest Sector -- Biosphere

Aber, J., W. H. McDowell, K. J. Nadelhoffer, A. Magill, G. Berntson, M. Kamakea, S. G. McNulty, W. Currie, L. Rustad, and I. Fernandez. Nitrogen Saturation in Temperate Forest Ecosystems: Hypotheses Revisited. BioScience, 48, 921-934, 1998.

Abraham, K. F. and R. L. Jefferies. High Goose Populations: Causes, Impacts, and Implications. Arctic Ecosystems in Peril: Report of the Arctic Goose Habitat Working Group, edited by B. D. J. Batt, Arctic Goose Joint Venture Special Publication, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, and Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Ontario, 1997.

Ayres, M. P, and M. J. Lombardero. Assessing the Consequences of Global Change for Forests Disturbances for Herbivores and Pathogens. The Science of the Total Environment, 262, 263-286, 2000.

Ayres, M. P. and G. A. Reams. Global Change and Disturbance in Southern Forest Ecosystems. Global Change and Disturbance in Southern Ecosystems, edited by R. A. Mickler and S. Fox, Springer-Verlag, New York, 741-752, 1997.

Baron, J. S, D. S. Ojima, E. A. Holland, and W. J. Parton. Analysis of Nitrogen Saturation Potential in Rocky Mountain Tundra and Forest: Implications for Aquatic Systems. Biogeochemistry, 27, 61-82, 1994.

Bartlein, P. J., C. Whitlock, and S. I. Shafer. Future Climate in the Yellowstone National Park Region and its Potential Impact on Vegetation. Conservation Biology, 11, 782-792, 1997.

Bazzaz, F. A. The Response of Natural Ecosystems To the Rising Global CO₂ Levels. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 21, 167-196, 1990.

Beebee, T. J. C. Amphibian Breeding and Climate. Nature, 374, 219-220, 1995.

Berntson, G. M. and F. A. Bazzaz. Regenerating Temperate Forest Mesocosms in Elevated CO₂: Belowground Growth and Nitrogen Cycling, Oecologia, 113, 115-125, 1998.

Box Score. Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of Interior, Endangered Species Bulletin, 24, 32, 1999.

Ceulemans, R. and M. Mousseau. Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO₂ on Woody Plants. New Phytologist, 127, 425-446, 1994.

Crick, H. Q. P, C. Dudley, D. E. Glue, and D. L. Thomson. UK Birds are Laying Eggs Earlier. Nature, 388, 526, 1997.

Currie, D. J. Energy and Large Scale Patterns of Animal and Plant Species Richness. American Naturalist, 137, 27-39, 1991.

Currie, D. Tree and Vertebrate Species Richness. Ecosystems, in review, 2000.

Curtis, P. S, and X. Z. Wang. A Meta-Analysis of Elevated CO₂ Effects on Woody Plant Mass, Form, and Physiology. Oecologia, 113, 229-313, 1998.

Daly, C., D. Bachelet, J. M. Lenihan, R. P. Neilson, W. Parton, D. Ojima. Dynamic Simulation of Tree-Grass Interactions for Global Change Studies. Ecological Applications, 10(2), 449-469, 2000.

Designing a Report on the State of the Nation's Ecosystems: Selected Measurements for Cropland, Forests, Coasts and Oceans. The H. John Heinz III Center, Washington, DC, 1999.

Drake, J. A., H. A. Mooney, F. diCastri, R. H. Groves, F. J. Kruger, M. Rejmanek, M. Williamson (Eds.). Biological Invasions: A Global Perspective. SCOPE 37, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom, 1989.

Dukes, J. S. and H. A. Mooney. Does Global Change Increase the Success of Biological Invaders? TREE, 14, 135-139, 1999.

Egli, P. and C. Korner. Growth Responses to Elevated CO₂ and Soil Quality in Beech Spruce Model Ecosystems. ACTA Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology, 18, 343-349, 1997.

Flather, C. H. Fitting Species-Accumulation Functions and Assessing Regional Land Use Impacts on Avian Diversity. Journal of Biogeography, 23, 155-168, 1996.

Flather, C. H., M. S. Knowles, and I. A. Kendall. Threatened and Endangered Species Geography: Characteristics of Hot Spots in the Conterminous United States. BioScience, 48, 365-376, 1998.

Flather, C. H., S. J. Brady, and M. S. Knowles. An Analysis of Wildlife Resources in the United States: A Technical Document Supporting the 1999 RPA Assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, 1999.

Gilpin, M. E. Spatial Structure and Population Vulnerability. Viable Populations for Conservation, edited by M. Soule, 125-140, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1987.

Goudriaan, J., et al. Use of Models in Global Change Studies. Implications of Global Change for Natural and Managed Ecosystems: A Synthesis of GCTE and Related Research, edited by B. H. Walker, W. L. Steffen, J. Canadell, and J. S. I. Ingram, IGBP Book Series No. 4, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 190-220, 1999.

Hansen, A. J. and J. J. Rotella. Environmental Gradients and Biodiversity. Managing Forests for Biodiversity, edited by M. Hunter, Cambridge University Press, London, 161-209, 1999.

Hansen, A. J., R. P. Neilson, V. H. Dale, C. Flather, L. Iverson, D. J. Currie, S. Shafer, R. L. Cook, and P. Bartlein. Global Change in Forests: Interactions Among Biodiversity, Climate, and Land Use. BioScience, in press, 2001.

Hatton, T. J., G. D. Salvucci, and H. I. Wu. Eagleson's Optimality Theory of an Ecohydrological Equilibrium: Quo Vadis? Functional Ecology, 11, 665-674, 1997.

Iverson, L. R. and A. M. Prasad. Predicting Potential Future Abundance of 80 Tree Species Following Climate Change in the Eastern United States. Ecological Monographs, 68, 465-485, 1998.

Iverson, L. R., A. M. Prasad, B. J. Hale, and E. K. Sutherland. An Atlas of Current and Potential Future Distributions of Common Trees of the Eastern United States. General Technical Report, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, Pennsylvania, 1999.

Iverson, L. R. and A. M. Prasad. Potential Changes in Tree Species Richness and Forest Community Types Following Climate Change. Ecosystems, in review, 2000.

Keane, R. E., K. C. Ryan, and M. A. Finney. Simulating the Consequences of Fire and Climate Regimes on a Complex Landscape in Glacier National Park, Montana. Fire in Ecosystem Management: Shifting the Paradigm from Suppression to Prescription, edited by T. L. Pruden and L. A. Brennan, Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings, No. 20, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, 1998.

Kerstiens, G. Shade Tolerance as a Predictor of Responses to Elevated CO₂ in Trees. Physiologia Plantarum, 102, 472-480, 1998.

Kozlowski, T. T. and S. G. Pallardy. Growth Control in Woody Plants. Academic Press, San Diego, California, 1997.

Lambers, H., F. S. Chapin, III, and T. L. Pons. Plant Physiologyical Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1998.

Lenihan, J. M., C. Daly, D. Bachelet, and R. P. Neilson. Simulating Broad-Scale Fire Severity in a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. Northwest Science, 72, 91-103, 1997.

Long, S. P., C. P. Osborne, and S. W. Humphries. Photosynthesis, Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Climate Change. Global Change: Effects on Coniferous Forests and Grasslands, edited by A. I. Breymeyer, D. O. Hall, J. M. Melillo, and G. I. Agren, pp. 121-159, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, New York, 1996.

Lovett, G. M. Atmospheric Deposition of Nutrients and Pollutants in North America: An Ecological Perspective. Ecological Applications, 4, 629-650, 1994.

Lugo, A. E. and F. N. Scatena. Ecosystem-Level Properties of the Luquillo Experimental Forest, With Emphasis of the Tabonuco Forest. Tropical Forests: Management and Ecology, edited by A. E. Lugo and C. Lowe, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995.

Lugo, A. E. and F. N. Scatena. Background and Catastrophic Tree Mortality in Tropical Moist, Wet, and Rain Forests. Biotropica, 28, 585-599, 1996.

Mack, M. C. and C. M. D'Antonio. Impacts of Biological Invasions on Disturbance Regimes. TREE, 13, 195-198, 1998.

Magill, A. H., J. D. Aber, J. J. Hendricks, R. D. Bowden, J. M. Melillo, and P. Steudler. Biogeochemical Response of Forest Ecosystems to Simulated Chronic Nitrogen Deposition. Ecological Applications, 7, 402-415, 1997.

Magill, A., J. Aber, G. Berntson, W. McDowell, K. Nadelhoffer, J. Melillo, and P. Steudler. Long-Term Nitrogen Additions and Nitrogen Saturation in Two Temperate Forests, Ecosystems, 3, 2000.

McGuire, A. D., J. M. Melillo, L. A. Joyce, D. W. Kicklighter, A. L. Grace, B. Moore, and C. J. Vorosmarty. Interactions Between Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Estimating Net Primary Productivity for Potential Vegetation in North America. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 6, 101-124, 1992.

Mohren, G. M. J., K. Kramer, and S. Sabate. Impacts of Global Change on Tree Physiology and Forest Ecosystems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, 1996.

Mooney, H. A., J. Canadell, F. S. Chapin, J. Ehleringer, C. Korner, R. McMurtrie, W. J. Parton, L. F. Pitelka, and E. D. Schulze. Ecosystem Physiology Responses to Global Change. Implications of Global Change for Natural and Managed Ecosystems: A Synthesis of GCTE and Related Research, edited by H. B. Walker, W. L. Steffen, J. Canadell, and J. S. I. Ingram, IGBP Book Series No. 4, pp. 141-189, Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Morison, J. I. L, and D. W. Lawlor. Interactions Between Increasing CO₂ Concentration and Temperature on Plant Growth. Plant, Cell, and Environment, 22, 659-682, 1999.

Negron, J. F. Probability of Infestation and Extent of Mortality Associated with the Douglas-Fir Beetle in the Colorado Front Range. Forest Ecology & Management, 107, 71-85, 1998.

Neilson, R. P. A Model for Predicting Continental-Scale Vegetation Distribution and Water Balance. Ecological Applications, 5, 362-385, 1995.

Neilson, R. P., I. C. Prentice, B. Smith, T. Kittel, and D. Viner. Simulated Changes in Vegetation Distribution Under Global Warming. Appendix C. The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by R. T. Watson, M. C. Zinyowera, and R. H. Moss, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1998.

Neilson, R. P. and R. J. Drapek. Potentially Complex Biosphere Responses to Transient Global Warming. Global Change Biology, 4, 505-521, 1998.

Noss, R. F., E. T. LaRoe, and J. M. Scott. Endangered Ecosystems of the United States: A Preliminary Assessment of Loss and Degradation. US Fish And Wildlife Service Report, Washington, DC, 1994.

O'Neill, R. V., K. H. Riitters, J. D. Wickham, and K. Bruce Jones. Landscape Patterns and Regional Assessment. Ecosystem Health, 5, 225-233, 1999.

Peters, R. L. Conservation of Biological Diversity in the Face of Climate Change, Global Warming and Biological Diversity, edited by R. L. Peters and T. E. Lovejoy, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 15-30, 1992.

Price, C. and D. Rind. The Impact of a 2 × CO₂ Climate on Lightning-Caused fires. Journal of Climate, 7, 1484-1494, 1994.

Pritchard, S. G., C. Mosjidis, C. M. Peterson, G. B. Runion, and H. H. Rogers. Anatomical and Morphological Alterations in Longleaf Pine Needles Resulting From Growth in Elevated CO₂: Interactions with Soil Resource Availability. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 159, 1002-1009, 1998.

Pulliam, H. R. Sources, Sinks, and Population Regulation. American Naturalist, 132, 652-661, 1988.

Rey, A. and P. G. Jarvis. Long-Term Photosynthetic Acclimation to Increased Atmospheric CO₂ Concentration in Young Birch (Betula Pendula) Trees. Tree Physiology, 18, 441-450, 1998.

Routt National Forest, Draft Environmental Impact Statement South Fork Salvage Analysis. USDA Forest Service, Routt National Forest, Hahns Peak/Bears Ears Ranger District, Steamboat Springs, Colorado, Routt County, Colorado, 159 pp., 1998.

RPA Assessment of the Forest and Rangeland Situation in the United States. Forest Resource Report No. 27, USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC, 1994.

Shafer, S. L., P. J. Bartlein, and R. S. Thompson. Potential Changes in the Distributions of Western North America Tree and Shrub Taxa Under Future Climate Scenarios. Ecosystems, in review, 2000.

Shugart, H. H. A Theory of Forest Dynamics: The Ecological Implications of Forest Succession Models. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984.

Simberloff, D. The Biology of Invasions. Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Nonindigenous Species in Florida, edited by D. Simberloff, D. Schmitz, and T. Brown, pp. 3-17, Island Press, Washington, DC, 1997.

Simberloff, D. Global Climate Change and Introduced Species in Forests. The Science of the Total Environment, 262, 253-262, 2000.

Stitt, M. and A. Krapp. The Interaction Between Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Nutrition: The Physiological and Molecular Background. Plant, Cell, and Environment, 22, 583-621, 1999.

Taylor, Jr., G. E., D. W. Johnson, and C. P. Andersen. Air Pollution and Forest Ecosystems: A Regional to Global Perspective. Ecological Applications, 4, 662-689, 1994.

Tjoelker, M. J., J. Oleksyn, and P. B. Reich. Seedlings of Five Boreal Tree Species Differ in Acclimation of Net Photosynthesis to Elevated CO₂ and Temperature. Tree Physiology, 18, 715-726, 1998a.

Tjoelker, M. J., J. Oleksyn, and P. B. Reich. Temperature and Ontogeny Mediate Growth Response to Elevated CO₂ in Seedlings of Five Boreal Tree Species. New Phytologist, 140, 197-210, 1998b.

Torn, M. S. and J. S. Fried. Predicting the Impact of Global Warming on Wildfire. Climatic Change, 21, 257-274, 1992.

Ungerer, M. J., M. P. Ayres, and M. J. Lombardero. Climate and the Northern Distribution Limited of Dendroctonus Frontalis Zimmerman (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Journal of Biogeography, 26, 113-1145, 1999.

VEMAP members. Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project: Comparing Biogeography and Biogeochemistry Models in a Continental-Scale Study of Terrestrial Ecosystem Responses to Climate Change and CO₂ Doubling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9, 407-437, 1995.

Vitousek, P. M., C. M. D'Antonio, L. L. Loope, and R. Westbrooks. Biological Invasions as Global Environmental Change. American Scientist, 84, 468-478, 1996.

Walker, B. H., W. L. Steffen, and J. Langridge. Interactive and Integrated Effects of Global Change on Terrestrial Ecosystems. The Terrestrial Biosphere and Global Change, edited by B. Walker, W. Steffen, J. Canadell, and J. Ingram, Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Walters, C. Challenges in Adaptive Management of Riparian and Coastal Ecosystems. Conservation Ecology, 1(2), 1997.

Wilcove, D. S., D. Rothstein, J. Dubow, A. Phillips, and E. Losos. Quantifying Threats to Imperiled Species in the United States. BioScience, 48, 607-615, 1998.

Will, R. E. and R. O. Teskey. Effect of Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Root Restriction on Net Photosynthesis, Water Relations, and Foliar Carbohydrate Status of Loblolly Pine Seedlings. Tree Physiology, 17, 655-661, 1997a.

Will, R. E, and R. O. Teskey. Effect of Irradiance and Vapor-Pressure Deficit on Stomatal Response to CO₂ Enrichment of Four Tree Species. Journal of Experimental Botany, 48, 2095-2102, 1997b.

Williams, M. W., J. S. Baron, N. Caine, R. Sommerfeld, and J. R. R. Sanford. Nitrogen Saturation in the Rocky Mountains. Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 640-646, 1996.

Williamson, M. Invasions. Ecography, 22, 5-12, 1999.