Cryosphere

Scenarios Used for the Report

Scenarios for Climate Variability and Change -- Cryosphere

Judson, A. and N. Doesken. Density of Freshly Fallen Snow in the Central Rocky Mountains. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81, 1577-1587. 2000.

Rothrock, D. A., Y. Yu, and G. A. Maykut. Thinning of the Arctic Sea-Ice Cover. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(23), 3469-3472. 1999.

Study's Regional Elements of the U.S.

Northeast Region -- Cryosphere

Karl, T. R., P. Ya. Groisman, R. W. Knight, and R. R. Heim, Jr. Recent Variations of Snow Cover and Snowfall in North America and their Relation to Precipitation and Temperature Variations, Journal of Climate, 6, 1327-1344. 1993.

Midwest Region -- Cryosphere

Fang, X. and H. G. Stefan. Potential Climate Warming Effects on Ice Covers of Small Lakes in the Contiguous US. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 27, 119-140. 1998.

Kunkel, K. E., N. Westcott, and D. Kristovich. Assessment of Potential Effects of Climate Change on Heavy Lake-Effect Snowstorms Near Lake Erie. Preprints, 11th Symposium on Global Change Studies, Long Beach, California, January 10-13, 2000, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 50-53. 2000.

West Region -- Cryosphere

McCabe, G. J. and D. M. Wolock. General-Circulation-Model Simulations of Future Snowpack in the Western United States, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1473-1484. 1999.

Alaska -- Cryosphere

Beltaos, S. and T. D. Prowse. Climate Impacts on Extreme Ice Jam Events in Canadian Rivers. Hydrological Sciences Journal, in press, 2000.

Anisimov, O. A., N. I. Shiklomanov, and F. E. Nelson. Global Warming and Active-Layer Thickness: Results from Transient General Circulation Models. Global and Planetary Change, 15(3-4), pp. 61-77, 1997.

Anisimov, O. A. and F. E. Nelson. Permafrost Zonation and Climate Change in the Northern Hemisphere: Results from Transient General Circulation Models. Climatic Change, 35(2), 241-258, 1997.

Brown, J., O. J. Ferrians, Jr., J. A. Heginbottom, and E. S. Melnikov. Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground Ice Conditions. International Permafrost Association, published as Map CP45, US Geological Survey, Washington, DC, 1997.

Cavalieri, D. J., P. Gloersen, C. L. Parkinson, J. C. Comiso, and H. J. Zwally. Observed Hemispheric Asymmetry in Global Sea Ice Changes. Science, 278, 1104-1106, 1997.

Chapman, W. L. and J. E. Walsh. Recent Variations of Sea Ice and Air Temperature in High Latitudes. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 74(1), 33-47, 1993.

Dowdeswell, J., J. O. Hagen, H. Bjornsson, A. Glazovsky, P. Holmlund, J. Jania, E. Josberger, R. Koerner, S. Ommanney, and B. Thomas. The Mass Balance of Circum-Arctic Glaciers and Recent Climate Change. Quaternary Research, 48, 1-14, 1997.

Dyke, L. D., J. M. Aylsworth, M. M. Burges, F. M. Nixon, and F. Wright. Permafrost in the Mackenzie Basin, Its Influence on Land-Altering Processes, and Its Relationship to Climate Change. Mackenzie Basin Impact Study Final Report, edited by S. J. Cohen, Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, 1997.

Echelmeyer K. A, W. D. Harrison, C. F. Larsen, J. Sapiano, J. E. Mitchell, J. DeMallie, B. Rabus, G. Adalgeirsdottir, and L. Sombardier. Airborne Surface Profiling of Glaciers: A Case-Study in Alaska. Journal of Glaciology 42(142), 538-547. 1996.

Everett, J. T. and B. B. Fitzharris. The Arctic and the Antarctic, Chapter 3. The regional impacts of climate change: An assessment of vulnerability, edited by R. T. Watson, M. C. Zinyowera, and R. H. Moss, Special report of IPCC Working Group 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1998.

Ferrians, O. J. Permafrost Map of Alaska. US Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-445, 1:2,500,000, 1965.

French, H. M. and I. E. Egorov. 20th Century Variations in the Southern Limit of Permafrost Near Thompson, Northern Manitoba, Canada. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Permafrost, edited by A. G. Lewkowica and M. Allard, Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Quebec, pp. 297-304, 1998.

Johannessen, O. M., M. Miles, and E. Bjorgo. The Arctic's Shrinking Sea Ice. Nature, 376, 126-127, 1995.

Johannessen, O. M., E. V. Shalina, and M. W. Miles. Satellite Evidence for an Arctic Sea Ice Cover in Transformation. Science, 286(5446), 1937-1939, 1999.

Jorgenson, M. T., C. H. Racine, J. C. Walters, and T. E. Osterkamp. Widespread and Rapid Permafrost Degradation and Associated Ecological Changes Caused by a Warming Climate on the Tanana Flats, Central Alaska. Climatic Change, in press, 2000.

Krabil, W., E. Frederick, S. Manizade, C. Martin, J. Sonntag, R. Swift, R. Thomas, W. Wright, and J. Yungel. Rapid Thinning of Parts of the Southern Greenland Ice Sheet, Science, 283, 1522-524, 1999.

Kwong, Y. T. J. and T. Y. Gan. Northward Migration of Permafrost Along the Mackenzie Highway and Climatic Warming. Climatic Change, 26, 399-419, 1994.

Maslanik, J. A., M. C. Serreze, and R. G. Barry. Recent Decreases in Arctic Summer Ice Cover and Linkages to Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies. Geophysical Research Letters, 23(13), 1677-1680, 1996.

Maslanik, J. A., M. C. Serreze, and T. Agnew. On the Record Reduction in 1998 Western Arctic Sea-Ice Cover. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(13), 1905-1908, 1999.

McPhee, M. G., T. P. Stanton, J. H. Morison, and D. G. Martinson. Freshening of the Upper Ocean in the Arctic: Is Perennial Sea Ice Disappearing? Geophysical Research Letters, 25(10), 1729-1732, 1998.

Meier, M. F. Ice, Climate, and Sea Level: Do We Know What is Happening? Ice in the Climate System, NATO ASI Series, Vol. 112, edited by W. R. Peltier, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 141-160, 1993.

Osterkamp, T. E. Evidence for Warming and Thawing of Discontinuous Permafrost in Alaska. Elsevier Oceanography Series, 75(44), 85, 1994.

Osterkamp, T. E., D. C. Esch, and V. E. Romanovsky. Permafrost, Chapter 10. Implications of global change in Alaska and the Bering Sea region, Proceedings of a workshop, June 3-6 1997, edited by G. A. Weller and P. A. Anderson, Center for Global Change and Arctic System Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1998.

Osterkamp, T. E., J. K. Peterson, and T. S. Collett. Permafrost Thicknesses in the Oliktok Point, Prudhoe Bay, and Mikkelsen Bay Areas of Alaska. Cold Regions Science and Engineering, 11, 99-105, 1985.

Osterkamp, T. E. and V. E. Romanovsky. Evidence for Warming and Thawing of Discontinuous Permafrost in Alaska. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 10, 17-37 (January-March), 1999.

Rothrock, D. A., Y. Yu and G. A. Maykut. Thinning of the Arctic Sea Ice Cover. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(23), 3469-3472 (December 1), 1999.

Sapiano, J. J., W. D. Harrison, and K. A. Echelmeyer. Elevation, Volume, and Terminus Changes of Nine Glaciers in North America. Journal of Glaciology, 44(146), 119-135, 1998.

Serreze, M. C., J. A. Maslanik, J. R. Key, R. F. Kokaly, and D. A. Robinson. Diagnosis of the Record Minimum in Arctic Sea-ice Area During 1990 and Associated Snow Cover Extremes. Geophysical Research Letters, 22(16), 2183-2186 (August 15), 1995a.

Vinnikov, K. Y., A. Robock, R. J. Stouffer, J. E. Walsh, C. L. Parkinson, D. J. Cavalieri, J. F. B. Mitchell, D. Garrett, and V. F. Zakharov. Global Warming and Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Extent. Science, 286(5446), 1934-1937, 1999.

Wadhams P., Ice Thickness in the Arctic Ocean: The Statistical Reliability of Experimental Data. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 102(C13), 27951-27959 (December 15), 1997.

Wadhams, P. Evidence for Thinning of the Arctic Ice Cover North of Greenland. Nature, 345(6278), 795-797 (June 28), 1990.

Weller, G. A. Regional Impacts of Climate Change in the Arctic and Antarctic. Annals of Glaciology, 27, 543-552, 1998.

Wolfe, S. A., S. R. Dallimore, and S. M. Solomon. Coastal Permafrost Investigations Along a Rapidly Eroding Shoreline, Tuktoyaktuk Northwest Territories, Canada. Permafrost: Proceedings of Seventh International Conference, edited by A. G. Lewkowicz and M. Allard, Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada, 1998.

Woo, M.-K., A. G. Lewkowicz, and W. R Rouse. Response of the Canadian Permafrost Environment to Climatic Change. Physical Geography, 13(4), 287-317, 1992.

Native Peoples and Homelands -- Cryosphere

Rothrock, D. A., Y. Yu, and G. A. Maykut. Thinning of the Arctic Sea-Ice Cover. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(23), 3469, 1999.

Research Sectors of the Report

Water Sector -- Cryosphere

McCabe, G. J. and D. M. Wolock. General-Circulation-Model Simulations of Future Snowpack in the Western United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), pp. 1473-1484, 1999.

Coastal Areas and Marine Resources Sector -- Cryosphere

Driscoll, N. W. and G. H. Haug. A Short Circuit in Thermohaline Circulation: A Cause for Northern Hemisphere Glaciation? Science, 282, 436-438, 1998.

Johannessen, O. M., E. V. Shalina, and M. W. Miles. Satellite Evidence for an Arctic Sea Ice Cover in Transformation. Science, 286, 1937-1939, 1999.

Maslanik, J. A., M. C. Serreze, and T. Agnew. On the Record Reduction in 1998 Western Arctic Sea-Ice Cover. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 1905-1908, 1999.

Oppenheimer, M. Global Warming and the Stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nature, 393, 325-332, 1998.

Rothrock, D. A., Y. Yu, and G. A. Maykut. Thinning of the Arctic Sea-Ice Cover. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(23), 3469-3472, 1999.

Vinnikov, K. Y., A. Robock, R. J. Stouffer, J. E. Walsh, C. L. Parkinson, D. J. Cavalieri, J. F. B. Mitchell, D. Garrett, and V. F. Zakharov. Global Warming and Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Extent. Science, 286, 1934-1937, 1999.

Forest Sector -- Cryosphere

Hoffman, C. Let it Snow. Smithsonian, 29, 50-58, 1998.