Hydrosphere

Scenarios Used for the Report

Scenarios for Climate Variability and Change -- Hydrosphere

Dresler, P. V., M. C. MacCracken, and A. Janetos. National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the United States. Water Resources Update, 112, 16-24. 1998.

Durman, C. F., J. M. Gregory, D. C. Hassell, and R. G. Jones. The Comparison of Extreme European Daily Precipitation Simulated by a Global And a Regional Climate Model for Present and Future Climates. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, in press. 2000.

Felzer, B. Hydrological Implications of GCM Results for the U.S. National Assessment. Proceedings of the Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States, pp. 69-72, May 10-12. 1999. Atlanta, Georgia, American Water Resources Association, Middleburg, Virginia. 1999.

Felzer, B. and P. Heard. Precipitation Differences Amongst GCMs Used for the U.S. National Assessment. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1327-1339. 1999.

Groisman, P. Ya., et al. Changes in the Probability of Heavy Precipitation: Important Indicators of Climatic Change. Climatic Change, 42, 243-283. 1999.

Groisman, P. Ya., R. W. Knight, and T. R. Karl. Heavy Precipitation and Streamflow in the United States: Trends in the 20th Century. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, in press. 2000.

Hayden, B. P. Extratropical Storms: Past, Present, and Future, pp. 93-96. Proceedings of Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States, May 1999, American Water Resources Association. 1999.

Hennessy, K. J., J. M. Gregory, and J. F. B. Mitchell. Changes in Daily Precipitation Under Enhanced Greenhouse Conditions,.Climate Dynamics, 13, 667-680. 1997.

Hulme, M., T. J. Osborn, and T. C. Johns. Precipitation Sensitivity to Global Warming: Comparison of Observations With HadCM2 Simulations. Geophysical Research Letters, 25(17), 3379-3382. 1998.

Karl, T. R. and R. W. Knight. Secular Trends of Precipitation Amount, Frequency, and Intensity in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 231-241. 1998.

Karl, T. R. and W. E. Reibsame, The Impact of Decadal Fluctuations in Mean Precipitation and Temperature on Runoff: A Sensitivity Study Over the United States. Climatic Change, 15, 423-447. 1989.

Kothavala, Z. Extreme Precipitation Events and the Applicability of Global Climate Models to Study Floods and Drought. Mathematics and Computers in Simulations, 43, 261-268. 1997.

Kunkel, K. E, K. Andsager, and D. R. Easterling. Long-Term Trends in Extreme Precipitation Events Over the Conterminous United States and Canada. Journal of Climate, 12, 2515-2527. 1999.

Langbein, W. B. Annual Runoff in the United States. US Geological Survey Circular No. 5, Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, 1949 (reprinted 1959).

Legates, D. R. Global and Terrestrial Precipitation: A Comparative Assessment of Existing Climatologies: A reply. International Journal of Climatology, 17, 779-783. 1997.

Legates, D. R. and T. L. DeLiberty. Precipitation Measurements Biases in the United States. Water Resources Bulletin, 29, 855-861. 1993.

Legates, D. R. and C. J. Wilmott. Mean Seasonal and Spatial Variability in Gauge-Corrected Global Precipitation. International Journal of Climatology, 10, 111-127. 1990b.

Lins, H. F. and J. R. Slack. Streamflow Trends in the United States, Geophysical Research Letters, 26(2), 227-230. 1999.

Palmer W. Meteorological Drought. Research Paper No. 45, US Weather Bureau, NOAA Library and Information Services Division, Washington, DC, 58 pp. 1965.

Trenberth, K. E. and G. Branstator. Issues in Establishing Causes for the 1988 Draught Over North America, Journal of Climate, 5, 159-172, 1992.

Wetherald, R. T. and S. Manabe. Detectability of Summer Dryness Caused by Greenhoue Warming. Climatic Change, 43, 495-511, 1999.

Woodhouse, C. and J. Overpeck. 2000 Years of Drought Variability in the Central United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 2693-2714. 1998.

Vegetation and Biogeochemical Scenarios -- Hydrosphere

Knight, D. H., T. J. Fahey, and S. W. Running. Factors Affecting Water and Nutrient Outflow from Lodgepole Pine Forests in Wyoming. Ecological Monographs, 55, 29-48. 1985.

Vörösmarty, C. J., et al. Continental Scale Model of Water Balance and Fluvial Transport: An Application to South America. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 3, 241-265 1989.

Socioeconomic Context for Climate Impact Assessment -- Hydrosphere

Wilhite, D. A. (Ed.). Drought: A Global Assessment. Hazards and Disasters, Vol. 2. Routledge Publishers, New York. 2000.

Report's Regional Elements of the U.S.

Northeast Region -- Hydrosphere

Gibson, J. R. and R. G. Najjar. Modeling Chesapeake Bay Salinity Under Climate Change. Limnology and Oceanography, in review. 2000.

Groisman, P. Ya, R. W. Knight, T. R. Karl, and H. F. Lins. Heavy Precipitation and Streamflow in the United States: Trends in the 20th Century, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, in press. 2000.

Karl, T. R. and R. W. Knight, Secular Trends in Precipitation Amount, Frequency, and Intensity in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 231-241. 1998.

Kunkel, K. E., K. Andsager, and D. R. Easterling. Long-Term Trends in Extreme Precipitation Events Over the Conterminous United States. Journal of Climate, 12, 2515-2527. 1999.

McCabe, G. J., Jr. and M. A. Ayers. Hydrologic Effects of Climate Change in the Delaware River Basin, Water Resources Bulletin, 25(6). 1989.

Neff, R., H. Chang, C. G. Knight, R. G. Najjar, B. Yarnal, and H. A. Walker. Impact of Climate Variation and Change on Mid-Atlantic Hydrology and Water Resources. Climate Research, 14, 207-218. 2000.

Solley, W. B., R. R. Pierce, and H. A. Perlman. Estimated Water Use in the United States in 1995. US Geological Survey Circular 1200, Washington, DC. 1998.

Yarnal, B., D. L. Johnson, B. Frakes, G. I. Bowles, and P. Pascale. The Flood of '96 in the Susquehanna River Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 33, 1299-1312, 1997.

Southeast Region -- Hydrosphere

Cruise, J. F., A. S. Limaye, and N. Al-Abed. Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change on Water Quality in the Southeastern United States. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1539-1550. 1999.

Felzer, B. and P. Heard. Hydrological Implications of GCM Results for the US National Assessment. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1327-1339. 1999.

Goolsby, D. A., W. A. Battaglin, G. B. Lawrence, R. S. Artz, B. T. Aulenbach, R. P. Hooper, D. R. Keeney, and G. J. Stensland. Flux and Source of Nutrients in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin. Review, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, Hypoxia Work Group, May 1999, pp. 13-37, 2000.

Hatch, U., S. Jagtap, J. Jones, and M. Lamb. Potential Effects of Climate Change on Agricultural Water Use. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1551-1562. 1999.

Keim, B. D., G. E. Faiers, R. A. Muller, J. M. Grymes, and R. V. Rohli. Long-Term Trends of Precipitation and Runoff in Louisiana. USA, International Journal of Climatology, 15, 531-541, 1995.

Lins, H. F. and J. R. Slack. Streamflow Trends in the United States. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(2), 227-230. 1999.

Mearns, L. O., F. Giorgio, L. McDaniel, and C. Shields. Analysis of Daily Variability of Precipitation in a Nested Regional Climate Model: Comparison with Observations and Doubled CO₂ Results. Global Planetary Change, 10, 55-78. 1995.

Meyer, J. L. Seasonal Patterns of Water Quality in Blackwater Rivers of the Coastal Plain, Southeastern United States. Water Quality in North American River Systems, edited by C. D. Becker and D. A. Neitzel, Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 249-276. 1992.

Trenberth, K. E. Conceptual Framework for Changes of Extreme of the Hydrological Cycle with Climate Change, Climatic Change, 42, 327-339. 1999.

Midwest Region -- Hydrosphere

Angel, J. R. and F. A. Huff, Changes in Heavy Rainfall in Midwestern United States. J. Water Resources Planning Management, 123, 246-250. 1997.

Chao, P. Great Lakes Water Resources: Climate Change Impact Analysis with Transient GCM Scenarios. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 35, 1499-1507. 1999.

Groisman, P. Ya., et al. Changes in the Probability of Heavy Precipitation: Important Indicators of Climatic Change. Climate Change, 42, 243-283. 1999.

Groisman, P. Ya., R. W. Knight, T. R. Karl. Relations Between Changes of Heavy Precipitation and Streamflow in the United States. In press, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2000.

Karl, T. R. and R. W. Knight. Secular Trends of Precipitation Amount, Frequency, and Intensity in the USA. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 231-241. 1998.

Olsen, J., J. Stedinger, N. Matalas, and E. Stakhiv. Climate Variability and Flood Frequency Estimation for the Upper Mississippi and Lower Missouri Rivers. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 35, 1509-1523. 1999.

Quinn, F. H., B. M. Lofgren, A. H. Clites, R. A. Assel, A. Eberhardt, and T. Hunter. Great Lakes Water Resources Sector Report. Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 6 pp. 1999.

Stefan, H. G., M. Hondzo, and X. Fang. Lake Water Quality Modeling for Projected Future Climate Scenarios. Journal of Environmental Quality, 22, 417-431. 1993.

Great Plains Region -- Hydrosphere

Karl et al. Trends in Average Annual Temperature and Average Precipitation Over the 1895 to 1995 Period. Data are the US Historical Climatology Network stations averaged in each of the 344 Climate Divisions. Analysis prepared for National Assessment Synthesis Team. 1999.

Kunkel, K., K. Andsager, and D. R. Easterling. Long-Term Trends in Extreme Precipitation Events Over the Conterminous United States and Canada. Journal of Climate, 12, 2515-2527. 1999.

Miller, K. Climate Variability, Climate Change, and Western Water. Report to the Western Water Policy Review Advisory Commission, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. 1997.

(http://www.den.doi.gov/wwprac/reports/west.htm)

Ojima, D. S., L. Garcia, E. Eigaali, K. Miller, T. G. F. Kittel, and J. Lackett. Potential Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in the Great Plains. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1443-1454. 1999.

Wilhite, D. Improving Drought Management in the West. Report to the Western Water Policy Review Advisory Commission, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 1997.

(http://www.den.doi.gov/wwprac/reports/adrought.htm)

West Region -- Hydrosphere

Dettinger, M. D. and D. R. Cayan. Large-Scale Atmospheric Forcing of Recent Trends Toward Early Snowmelt Runoff in California. Journal of Climate, 8, 606-623, 1995.

Gleick, P. H. and E. L. Chalecki. The Impacts of Climate Changes for Water Resources of the Colorado and Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basins. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6). 1429-1441. 1999.

Gleick, P. Regional Hydrologic Consequences of Increases in Atmospheric CO₂ and Other Trace Gases, Climate Change, 10, 137-161, 1987.

Hay, L. E., R. L. Wilby, and G. H. Leavesley. A Comparison of Delta Change and Downscaled GCM Scenarios for Three Mountainous Basins in the United States, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 36(2), 2000.

Hurd, B. H., N. Leary, R. Jones, and J. B. Smith. Relative Regional Vulnerability of Water Resources to Climate Change. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1399-1410. 1999a.

Jeton, A. E., M. D. Dettinger, and J. L. Smith. Potential Effects of Climate Change on Streamflow, Eastern and Western Slopes of the Sierra Nevada, California, and Nevada. Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4260, US Geological Survey, Sacramento, California, 1996.

Karl, T. R. and R. W. Knight. Secular Trends of Precipitation Amount, Frequency, and Intensity in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 231-241. 1998.

Lettenmaier, D. P. and D. P. Sheer. Climatic Sensitivity of California Water Resources. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 117, 108-125. 1991.

Miller, N. L., J. Kim, and M. D. Dettinger. California Stream Flow Evaluation Based on a Dynamically Downscaled Eight Year Hindcast, Observations, and Physically Based Hydrologic Models, AGU Eos, Transactions, 80, F406. 1999b.

Miller, N. L., J. Kim, and M. D. Dettinger. Climate Change Sensitivity Study for Two California River Basins. U.S. Department of Energy Workshop on the Climate Change Prediction Program, Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Bethesda, Maryland, March 27-29, 2000.

Miller, N. L., J. Kim, R. K. Hartman, and J. Farrara. Downscaled Climate and Streamflow Study of the Southwestern United States, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1525-1537. 1999a.

Soil Moisture [Changes Projected by GCMs], National Center for Atmospheric Research. August 31, 1999.

(http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/naco/gcm/sm.html)

Wolock, D. M. and G. J. McCabe. Simulated Effects of Climate Change on Mean Annual Runoff in the Conterminous United States, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1341-1350. 1999.

Pacific Northwest Region -- Hydrosphere

Graumlich, L. J., Precipitation Variation in the Pacific Northwest (1675-1975) as Reconstructed from Tree Rings. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 77, 19-29, 1987.

Harr, R. D., Water Flux in Soil and Subsoil in a Steep Forested Slope. Journal of Hydrology, 33, 37-58, 1977.

Jones, J. A. and G. E. Grant. Peak Flow Responses to Clear-Cutting and Roads in Small and Large Basins, Western Cascades, Oregon. Water Resources Research, 32, 959-974, 1996.

Jones, J. A. and G. E. Grant. Hydrologic Processes and Peak Discharge Response to Forest Harvest, Regrowth, and Roads in Ten Small Experimental Basins, Western Cascades, Oregon, Water Resources Research, in review, 2000.

Matthews, D. A. and T. Hovland. Nested Model Simulations of Regional Orographic Precipitation. Global Climate Change Response Program Report, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado, 61 pp., 1997.

Regional Assessment. Journal of American Water Resources Association, in review, 2000.

Nijssen, B., D. P. Lettenmaier, X. Liang, S. W. Wetzel, and E. F. Wood. Streamflow Simulation for Continental-Scale River Basins. Journal of Water Resources Research, 33(4), pp. 711ff, 1997.

Perkins, R. Climatic and Physiographic Controls on Peakflow Generation in the Western Cascades, Oregon. Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 1997.

Swetnam, T. W. and J. L. Betancourt. Fire-Southern Oscillation Relations in the Southwestern United States, Science, 249, 1017-1020, 1990.

Alaska -- Hydrosphere

Clair T. A., J. Ehrman, and K. Higuchi. Changes to the Runoff of Canadian Ecozones Under a Doubled CO₂ Atmosphere. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55(11) 2464-2477, 1998.

Groisman, P. Y. and D. A. Easterling. Variability and Trends of Precipitation and Snowfall Over the United States and Canada. Journal of Climate, 7, 184-205, 1994.

Hagemann, S. and L. Dümenil. A Parameterization of the Lateral Waterflow for the Global Scale. Climate Dynamics, 14, 17-31, 1998.

Kerr, J. A. Future Water Levels and Flows for Great Slave and Great Bear Lakes, Mackenzie River, and Mackenzie Delta. Mackenzie Basin Impacts Study (MBIS), Final Report, edited by S. J. Cohen, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 1997.

Lamke, R. D. Alaska Surface-Water Resource. National Water Summary 1985, Hydrologic events and surface-water resources: US Geological Water-Supply Paper 2300, D. W. Moody, E. B. Chase, and D. A. Aronson, (Compilers), pp. 137-144, 1986.

Lammers, R. B., A. I. Shiklomanov, C. J. Vorosmarty, B. M. Fekete, and B. J. Peterson. Assessment of Contemporary Arctic River Runoff Based on Observational Discharge Records. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, in press, 2000.

Rouse, W. R., et al. Effects of Climate Change on the Freshwaters of Arctic and Sub-Arctic North America. Hydrological Processes, 11(8), 873-902, June 30, 1997.

Royer, T. C. Coastal Freshwater Discharge in the Northeast Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 2017-2021, 1982.

Shiklomanov, I. A. On the Effect of Anthropogenic Change in the Global Climate on River Runoff in the Yenisei Basin. Runoff computations for water projects, edited by A. V. Rozhdestvensky, International Hydrological Program, IHP-V, Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 9, UNESCO, Paris, pp. 113-199, 1997.

Shiklomanov, I. A., A. I. Shiklomanov, R. B. Lammers, B. J. Peterson, and C. J. Vorosmarty. The Dynamics of River Water Inflow to the Arctic Ocean. The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean, edited by E. L. Lewis, E. P. Jones, P. Lemke, T. D. Prowse, P. Wadhamns, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, in press, 2000.

Van Blarcum, S. C., J. R. Miller, and G. L. Russell. High-Latitude River Runoff in a Doubled CO₂ Climate. Climatic Change, 30(1), 7-26, 1995.

Walsh, J. E., V. Kattsov, D. Portis, and V. Meleshko. Arctic Precipitation and Evaporation: Model Results and Observational Estimates. Journal of Climate, 11, 72-87, 1998.

US Affiliated Islands -- Hydrosphere

Covich, A. P., T. A. Crowl, S. L. Johnson, and F. N. Scatena. Drought Effects on Pool Morphology and Neotropical Stream Benthos. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology and Water Resources, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 13-17, 1998, edited by R. I. Segarra-Garcia, American Water Resources Association, Middleburg, VA. 1998.

Larsen, M. C. Drought, Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water Resources During the 1990s in Puerto Rico. Physical Geography, in press, 2000.

Larsen, M. C. and I. M. Concepcion. Water Budgets of Forested and Agriculturally Developed Watersheds in Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology and Water Resources, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 13-17, 1998, edited by R. I. Segarra-Garcia, American Water Resources Association, Middleburg, VA, 199-204, 1998.

Meehl, G. A. Vulnerability of Fresh Water Region. Journal of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 92, 203-213, 1996.

USGS Hawaii State Fact Sheet. US Geological Survey (USGS), 1996.

(http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS/FS-011-96/)

USGS Hawaii Fact Sheet. US Geological Survey (USGS), 1999a.

(http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS/FS-012-99/)

USGS Fact Sheet 040-99: Puerto Rico. US Geological Survey (USGS), 1999b.

(http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS/FS-040-99/)

Research Sectors of the Report

Agriculture Sector -- Hydrosphere

Strzepek, K. M., D. C. Major, C. Rosenzweig, A. Iglesias, D. N. Yates, A. Holt, and D. Hillel. New Methods of Modeling Water Availability for Agriculture Under Climate Change: The US Cornbelt. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1639-1655, 1999.

Water Sector -- Hydrosphere

Anonymous. 1995 Irrigation Survey Reflects Steady Growth. Irrigation Journal, Arlington Heights, IL, 1996.

Brown, T. C. Past and Future Fresh Water Use in the United States. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-39, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain ResearchStation, Fort Collins, Colorado, 1999.

Chalecki, E. L. and P. H. Gleick. A Framework of Ordered Climate Effects on Water Resources: A Comprehensive Bibliography. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), pp. 1657-1665, 1999.

(http://www.pacinst.org/CCBib.html)

Climate Change: Impacts on Water Resources. US Department of the Interior, 15 pp., June 30, 1997.

Climate Change and Water Resources. Committee report of the AWWA Public Advisory Forum, Journal of the American Water Works Association, 89(11), 107-110, 1997.

Draft Report of the Water Sector. US National Assessment, 2000.

(http://www.nacc.usgcrp.gov/sectors/water/draft-report/full-report.html)

Felzer, B. and P. Heard. Precipitation Differences Amongst GCMs Used for the US National Assessment. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), pp. 1327-1340.

Frederick, K. D. and P. H. Gleick. Water and Global Climate Change: Potential Impacts on US Water Resources. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Washington, DC, 1999.

Gleick, P. H. and B. Chalecki. The Impacts of Climatic Changes for Water Resources of the Colorado and Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basins. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1429-1441, 1999.

Groisman, P. Ya. Trends in the Precipitation and Snow Cover Records Across the United States. Proceedings of the AWRA Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States, American Water Resources Association, Herndon, VA, pp. 89-92, 1999.

Groisman, P. Ya., R. W. Knight, and T. R. Karl. Mean Precipitation and High Streamflow in the Contiguous United States: Trends in the Twentieth Century. Bulletin of the American Meteorology Society, in press, 2000.

Jacobs, K. L. Water Sector Summary Comments for Inclusion in the Synthesis Report. AWRA Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States, Atlanta, GA, May 10-12, 1999.

Karl, T. R. and R. W. Knight. Secular Trends of Precipitation Amount, Frequency, and Intensity in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79(2), pp. 231-241, 1998.

Karl, T. R. and R. W. Riebsame. The Impact of Decadal Fluctuations in Mean Precipitation and Temperature on Runoff: A Sensitivity Study Over the United States. Climatic Change, 15, 423-447, 1989.

Lettenmaier, D. P., E. F. Wood, and J. R. Wallis. Hydro-Climatological Trends in the Continental United States 1948-1988. Journal of Climate, 7, pp. 586-607, 1994.

Leung, R. L. and M. S. Wigmosta. Potential Climate Change Impacts on Mountain Water Resources in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), pp. 1463-1473, 1999.

Lins, H. F. and J. R. Michaels. Increasing US Streamflow Linked to Greenhouse Forcing Eos Transactions, 75, pp. 281-283, 1994.

Lins, H. F. and J. R. Slack. Streamflow Trends in the United States. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(2), pp. 227-230, 1999.

Matalas, N. C. Note on the Assumption of Hydrologic Stationarity. Water Resources Update No. 112, The Universities Council on Water Resources, Carbondale, IL, pp. 64-72, 1988.

Mekis, E. and W. Hogg. Rehabilitation and Analysis of Canadian Daily Precipitation Time Series. Conference on Applied Climatology, Reno, Nevada, pp. 20-24, October 1997.

Miller, N. L., J. Kim, and R. K. Hartman. Downscaled Climate and Streamflow Study of the Southwestern United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), pp. 1525-1538, 1999.

Mulholland, P. J. and M. J. Sale. Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources: Findings of the IPCC Regional Assessment of Vulnerability for North America. Water Resources Update No. 112, The Universities Council on Water Resources, Carbondale, IL, pp. 10-16, 1998.

National Assessment of Water Quality. US Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.

(http://www.water.usgs.gov/lookup/get?nawqa.html)

National Water Quality Inventory: 1996 Report to Congress. US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA841-R-97-008, Washington, DC, 1998.

National Water Summary 1983: Hydrologic Events and Issues. US Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper 2250, 1984.

Squillace, P. J., M. J. Moran, W. W. Lapham, C. V. Price, R. M. Clawges, and J. S. Zagorski. Volatile Organic Compounds in Untreated Ambient Groundwater of the United States, 1985-1995, Environmental Science and Technology, pp. 4176-4187, December 1999.

US Water Resources Council. The Nation's Water Resources 1975-2000, Second National Water Assessment. US Environmental Protection Agency, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1978.

Wang, B., D. C. Trabant, G. Weller, and P. Anderson. Effect of Climate Variability and Change on the Water Resources of Alaska. Proceedings of the AWRA Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States, American Water Resources Association, Herndon, VA, pp. 273-276, 1999.

Wolock, D. M. and G. J. McCabe. Explaining Spatial Variability in Mean Annual Runoff in the Conterminous United States. Climate Research, 11, 149-159, 1999a.

Wolock, D. M. and G. J. McCabe. Simulated Effects of Climate Change on Mean and Annual Runoff in the Conterminous United States. Proceedings of the AWRA Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States, American Water Resources Association, Herndon, VA, pp. 161-164, 1999b.

Health Sector -- Hydrosphere

Fowler, A. M. and K. J. Hennessey. Potential Impacts of Global Warming on the Frequency and Magnitude of Heavy Precipitation. Natural Hazards, 11, 283-303, 1995.

Mearns, L. O., F. Giorgi, L. McDaniel, and C. Shields. Analysis of Daily Variability of Precipitation in a Nested Regional Climate Model: Comparison with Observations and Doubled CO₂ Results. Global and Planetary Change, 10, 55-78, 1995.

Trenberth, K. E. Conceptual Framework for Changes of Extremes of the Hydrologic Cycle with Climate Change. Climatic Change, 42, 327-39, 1999.

Coastal Areas and Marine Resources Sector -- Hydrosphere

National Water Quality Inventory: 1996 Report to Congress. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1996.

(http://www.epa.gov/305b/)

Wolock, D. M. and G. J. McCabe. Simulated Effects of Climate Change on Mean Annual Runoff in the Conterminous United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1341-1350, 1999.

Forest Sector -- Hydrosphere

Eagleson, P. S. Climate, Soil, and Vegetation 1. Introduction to Water Balance Dynamics. Water Resources Research, 14, 705-712, 1978.

Galloway, J. N. Acid Deposition: Perspectives in Time and Space. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85, 15-24, 1995.

Kergoat, L. A Model for Hydrological Equilibrium of Leaf Area Index on a Global Scale. Journal of Hydrology, 213, 268-286, 1998.

Musselman, R. C., L. Hudnell, M. W. Williams, and R. A. Sommerfeld. Water Chemistry of Rocky Mountain Front Range Aquatic Ecosystems. Research paper RM-RP-325, USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, 1996.

Wet Deposition of the United States, 1996. National Atmospheric Deposition Program Office, Champaign, Illinois, 10 pp., 1997.